Category Archives: Security Response News

DroidJack RAT: A tale of how budding entrepreneurism can turn to cybercrime

See how Android.Sandorat, a multi-featured mobile crimeware tool, began life as a legitimate Android app.

Twitter Card Style: 

summary

Small-scale mobile app software entrepreneurship has been described as the cottage industry of the 21st century. It allows talented software developers to apply their skills to create new and innovative mobile apps, with the hope of becoming the next big thing and, perhaps, even attaining the trappings of wealth associated with success. However, with over 1 million apps available for download on the Google Play Store, for every success story there are countless apps that fail to deliver.

While I was researching a new Android remote administration tool (RAT) known as DroidJack (detected by Symantec as Android.Sandorat), it soon became apparent that its authors had actually started off as Android app developers. In their own words, they were “budding entrepreneurs trying to develop and apply skills that we have gained.” With limited success of their legitimate app on the Google Play Store, they soon turned their skills to creating and selling an Android crimeware tool, known as SandroRAT, on a hacker forum. In August 2014, this same tool was reported in the media to have been used in cybercriminal activity targeting Polish banking users through a phishing email. This tool has since evolved into DroidJack RAT and is now being openly sold on its own website at a cost of US$210 for a lifetime package.

Fig1DJ.png
Figure 1. DroidJack website logo

Evolution
On April 26, 2013, the Sandroid RAT was released on the Google Play Store. The authors described the app as being a free tool that lets users control their PC without advertisements.

Fig2_0.png
Figure 2. DroidJack website logo

On December 29, 2013, there was an announcement on a hacker forum of a new project called SandroRAT. The forum poster linked the project back to the Sandroid app available on the Google Play Store, referring to SandroRAT as being a kind of “vice-versa” to the Sandroid app, while also commenting on how it remains hidden on the phone.  

Fig3.png
Figure 3. SandroRAT control panel

On June 27, 2014, there was an announcement from the same poster on the same hacker forum of a next-generation Android RAT, known as DroidJack.

Fig4.png
Figure 4. DroidJack control panel

Capabilities
DroidJack has similar features to other Android RATs, such as AndroRAT and Dendroid. Some of the more than 50 features on offer include the following:

  • No root access required
  • Bind the DroidJack server APK with any other game or app
  • Install any APK and update server
  • Copy files from device to computer
  • View all messages on the device
  • Listen to call conversations made on the device
  • List all the contacts on the device
  • Listen live or record audio from the device’s microphone
  • Gain control of the camera on the device
  • Get IMEI number, Wi-Fi MAC address, and cellphone carrier details
  • Get the device’s last GPS location check in and show it in Google Maps

Fig5.png
Figure 5.  Screenshot from DroidJack marketing video, which shows GPS pinpointer location feature using Google Maps

Legality
Law enforcement is getting more aggressive in its stance against the creation and use of RATs. In May 2014, the FBI, Europol, and several other law enforcement agencies arrested dozens of individuals suspected of cybercriminal activity centered on Blackshades (detected as W32.Shadesrat), a RAT for personal computers that was sold on a dedicated website. Moreover, the recent arrest and indictment of a man in Los Angeles for allegedly conspiring to advertise and sell StealthGenie (Android.Stealthgenie), a mobile application similar to DroidJack, shows that law enforcement is continuing its campaign against any technology designed to invade an individual’s privacy.

In an attempt to distance themselves from any responsibility for illegal activity, the authors of DroidJack have included a disclaimer in their marketing material.  Similar disclaimers have been used in the past by other malware authors, such as the Mariposa botnet author, who unsuccessfully claimed on his website that the software was only for educational purposes. Whether the authors of DroidJack truly believe that this disclaimer absolves them of any responsibility is irrelevant, as naivete is not a defense in law.

Fig6.png
Figure 6. Disclaimer used in DroidJack marketing

Attribution
If the author or authors of DroidJack meant to cover up their tracks, they have not done a good job.  Some simple investigations lead back to the names and telephone numbers of several individuals initially involved in the creation of Sandroid, supposedly based out of Chennai in India. However, whether all of the initial developers are still involved in the creation of DroidJack is not clear. Their marketing video for DroidJack also clearly shows the GPS pinpointer locator function homing in on a location in India. If the authors of DroidJack are truly based out of India, cyber law in India indicates that the creation of such software would be seen as an offense.

Protection summary
Symantec offers the following protection against DroidJack.

Antivirus

DroidJack RAT: A tale of how budding entrepreneurism can turn to cybercrime

See how Android.Sandorat, a multi-featured mobile crimeware tool, began life as a legitimate Android app.

Twitter Card Style: 

summary

Small-scale mobile app software entrepreneurship has been described as the cottage industry of the 21st century. It allows talented software developers to apply their skills to create new and innovative mobile apps, with the hope of becoming the next big thing and, perhaps, even attaining the trappings of wealth associated with success. However, with over 1 million apps available for download on the Google Play Store, for every success story there are countless apps that fail to deliver.

While I was researching a new Android remote administration tool (RAT) known as DroidJack (detected by Symantec as Android.Sandorat), it soon became apparent that its authors had actually started off as Android app developers. In their own words, they were “budding entrepreneurs trying to develop and apply skills that we have gained.” With limited success of their legitimate app on the Google Play Store, they soon turned their skills to creating and selling an Android crimeware tool, known as SandroRAT, on a hacker forum. In August 2014, this same tool was reported in the media to have been used in cybercriminal activity targeting Polish banking users through a phishing email. This tool has since evolved into DroidJack RAT and is now being openly sold on its own website at a cost of US$210 for a lifetime package.

Fig1DJ.png
Figure 1. DroidJack website logo

Evolution
On April 26, 2013, the Sandroid RAT was released on the Google Play Store. The authors described the app as being a free tool that lets users control their PC without advertisements.

Fig2_0.png
Figure 2. DroidJack website logo

On December 29, 2013, there was an announcement on a hacker forum of a new project called SandroRAT. The forum poster linked the project back to the Sandroid app available on the Google Play Store, referring to SandroRAT as being a kind of “vice-versa” to the Sandroid app, while also commenting on how it remains hidden on the phone.  

Fig3.png
Figure 3. SandroRAT control panel

On June 27, 2014, there was an announcement from the same poster on the same hacker forum of a next-generation Android RAT, known as DroidJack.

Fig4.png
Figure 4. DroidJack control panel

Capabilities
DroidJack has similar features to other Android RATs, such as AndroRAT and Dendroid. Some of the more than 50 features on offer include the following:

  • No root access required
  • Bind the DroidJack server APK with any other game or app
  • Install any APK and update server
  • Copy files from device to computer
  • View all messages on the device
  • Listen to call conversations made on the device
  • List all the contacts on the device
  • Listen live or record audio from the device’s microphone
  • Gain control of the camera on the device
  • Get IMEI number, Wi-Fi MAC address, and cellphone carrier details
  • Get the device’s last GPS location check in and show it in Google Maps

Fig5.png
Figure 5.  Screenshot from DroidJack marketing video, which shows GPS pinpointer location feature using Google Maps

Legality
Law enforcement is getting more aggressive in its stance against the creation and use of RATs. In May 2014, the FBI, Europol, and several other law enforcement agencies arrested dozens of individuals suspected of cybercriminal activity centered on Blackshades (detected as W32.Shadesrat), a RAT for personal computers that was sold on a dedicated website. Moreover, the recent arrest and indictment of a man in Los Angeles for allegedly conspiring to advertise and sell StealthGenie (Android.Stealthgenie), a mobile application similar to DroidJack, shows that law enforcement is continuing its campaign against any technology designed to invade an individual’s privacy.

In an attempt to distance themselves from any responsibility for illegal activity, the authors of DroidJack have included a disclaimer in their marketing material.  Similar disclaimers have been used in the past by other malware authors, such as the Mariposa botnet author, who unsuccessfully claimed on his website that the software was only for educational purposes. Whether the authors of DroidJack truly believe that this disclaimer absolves them of any responsibility is irrelevant, as naivete is not a defense in law.

Fig6.png
Figure 6. Disclaimer used in DroidJack marketing

Attribution
If the author or authors of DroidJack meant to cover up their tracks, they have not done a good job.  Some simple investigations lead back to the names and telephone numbers of several individuals initially involved in the creation of Sandroid, supposedly based out of Chennai in India. However, whether all of the initial developers are still involved in the creation of DroidJack is not clear. Their marketing video for DroidJack also clearly shows the GPS pinpointer locator function homing in on a location in India. If the authors of DroidJack are truly based out of India, cyber law in India indicates that the creation of such software would be seen as an offense.

Protection summary
Symantec offers the following protection against DroidJack.

Antivirus

Regin: Top-tier espionage tool enables stealthy surveillance

An advanced spying tool, Regin displays a degree of technical competence rarely seen and has been used in spying operations against governments, infrastructure operators, businesses, researchers, and private individuals.

Twitter Card Style: 

summary

Code_tunnel_concept.png

 

An advanced piece of malware, known as Regin, has been used in systematic spying campaigns against a range of international targets since at least 2008. A back door-type Trojan, Regin is a complex piece of malware whose structure displays a degree of technical competence rarely seen. Customizable with an extensive range of capabilities depending on the target, it provides its controllers with a powerful framework for mass surveillance and has been used in spying operations against government organizations, infrastructure operators, businesses, researchers, and private individuals.

It is likely that its development took months, if not years, to complete and its authors have gone to great lengths to cover its tracks. Its capabilities and the level of resources behind Regin indicate that it is one of the main cyberespionage tools used by a nation state.

As outlined in a new technical whitepaper from Symantec, Backdoor.Regin is a multi-staged threat and each stage is hidden and encrypted, with the exception of the first stage.  Executing the first stage starts a domino chain of decryption and loading of each subsequent stage for a total of five stages.  Each individual stage provides little information on the complete package. Only by acquiring all five stages is it possible to analyze and understand the threat.

fig1-architecture.png

Figure 1. Regin’s five stages

 

Regin also uses a modular approach, allowing it to load custom features tailored to the target. This modular approach has been seen in other sophisticated malware families such as Flamer and Weevil (The Mask), while the multi-stage loading architecture is similar to that seen in the Duqu/Stuxnet family of threats.  

Timeline and target profile

Regin infections have been observed in a variety of organizations between 2008 and 2011, after which  it was abruptly withdrawn. A new version of the malware resurfaced from 2013 onwards. Targets include private companies, government entities and research institutes. Almost half of all infections  targeted private individuals and small businesses. Attacks on telecoms companies appear to be designed to gain access to calls being routed through their infrastructure.

fig2-sectors.png

Figure 2. Confirmed Regin infections by sector

 

Infections are also geographically diverse, having been identified in mainly in ten different countries.

fig3-countries.png

Figure 3. Confirmed Regin Infections by Country

 

Infection vector and payloads

The infection vector varies among targets and no reproducible vector had been found at the time of writing. Symantec believes that some targets may be tricked into visiting spoofed versions of well-known websites and the threat may be installed through a Web browser or by exploiting an application. On one computer, log files showed that Regin originated from Yahoo! Instant Messenger through an unconfirmed exploit.

Regin uses a modular approach, giving flexibility to the threat operators as they can load custom features tailored to individual targets when required. Some custom payloads are very advanced and exhibit a high degree of expertise in specialist sectors, further evidence of the level of resources available to Regin’s authors.

There are dozens of Regin payloads. The threat’s standard capabilities include several Remote Access Trojan (RAT) features, such as capturing screenshots, taking control of the mouse’s point-and-click functions, stealing passwords, monitoring network traffic, and recovering deleted files. 

More specific and advanced payload modules were also discovered, such as a Microsoft IIS web server traffic monitor and a traffic sniffer of the administration of mobile telephone base station controllers.

Stealth

Regin’s developers put considerable effort into making it highly inconspicuous. Its low key nature means it can potentially be used in espionage campaigns lasting several years. Even when its presence is detected, it is very difficult to ascertain what it is doing. Symantec was only able to analyze the payloads after it decrypted sample files.

It has several “stealth” features. These include anti-forensics capabilities, a custom-built encrypted virtual file system (EVFS), and alternative encryption in the form of a variant of RC5, which isn’t commonly used. Regin uses multiple sophisticated means to covertly communicate with the attacker including via ICMP/ping, embedding commands in HTTP cookies, and custom TCP and UDP protocols.

Conclusions

Regin is a highly-complex threat which has been used in systematic data collection or intelligence gathering campaigns. The development and operation of this malware would have required a significant investment of time and resources, indicating that a nation state is responsible. Its design makes it highly suited for persistent, long term surveillance operations against targets.

The discovery of Regin highlights how significant investments continue to be made into the development of tools for use in intelligence gathering. Symantec believes that many components of Regin remain undiscovered and additional functionality and versions may exist.  Additional analysis continues and Symantec will post any updates on future discoveries

Further reading

Indicators of compromise for security administrators and more detailed and technical information can be found in our technical paper – Regin: Top-tier espionage tool enables stealthy surveillance

Protection Information

Symantec detects this threat as Backdoor.Regin.

Regin: Una herramienta de ciberespionaje que permite vigilar sigilosamente

Esta avanzada herramienta de espionaje muestra un grado de competencias técnicas que no se ven con frecuencia y ha sido usada en operaciones de espionaje con foco en gobiernos, operadores de infraestructura, negocios, investigadores e individuos específic

Twitter Card Style: 

summary

Code_tunnel_concept.png

Una malware avanzado conocido como Regin, se ha utilizado en campañas de espionaje sistemático contra una serie de objetivos internacionales desde al menos 2008. Regin es una pieza compleja de software malicioso del tipo backdoor cuya estructura muestra un grado de competencia técnica que no es muy común. Permite personalizar una amplia gama de capacidades en función del objetivo, ofrece a sus controladores un marco de gran alcance para la vigilancia de masas y se ha empleado en operaciones de espionaje contra organizaciones gubernamentales, operadores de infraestructura, empresas, investigadores y personas privadas.

Es probable que su desarrollo tomara meses, si no es que años, para ser completado y sus autores han hecho todo lo posible para cubrir sus pistas. Sus capacidades y el nivel de recursos detrás de Regin, indican que es una de las principales herramientas de ciberespionaje utilizadas por un Estado-Nación.

Como se indica en un nuevo informe de Symantec[DOB1] , Backdoor.Regin [DOB2]  es una amenaza de múltiples etapas y cada una está oculta y cifrada, con la excepción de la primera, en la que se inicia una cadena dominó de descifrado y se carga cada etapa posterior, dando un total de cinco etapas. Cada etapa individual proporciona poca información sobre el paquete completo. Sólo mediante la adquisición de las cinco etapas es posible analizar y comprender la amenaza.

fig1-architecture.png

Figura 1. Las 5 etapas de Regin

Regin también utiliza un enfoque modular, lo que permite que se carguen o incluyan características personalizadas adaptadas al objetivo. Este enfoque modular se ha visto en otras familias de malware sofisticado tales como Flamer y Weevil (La Máscara), mientras que la arquitectura de carga multi-etapa es similar a la observada en la familia de amenazas Duqu/Stuxnet.

 

Línea de tiempo y perfil del objetivo

Las infecciones Regin se han observado en una variedad de organizaciones, entre 2008 y 2011, tras lo cual, se retiró abruptamente. Una nueva versión del malware resurgió a partir de 2013. Los objetivos incluyen empresas privadas, entidades gubernamentales e institutos de investigación. Mientras que casi la mitad de todas las infecciones se produjeron en direcciones que pertenecen a los proveedores de servicios de internet (ISPs), los objetivos de estas infecciones eran miembros de esas empresas. Del mismo modo, los ataques a empresas de telecomunicaciones parecen estar diseñados para tener acceso a las llamadas que se enrutan a través de su infraestructura.

fig2-sectors.png

Figura 2. Infecciones confirmadas de Regin por sector

Las infecciones son también geográficamente diversas, habiendo sido identificadas en diez países diferentes.

fig3-countries.png

Figura 3. Infecciones confirmadas de Regin por país

 

Vector de la infección y cargas útiles

El vector de la infección varía entre objetivos y ningún vector reproducible se ha encontrado al momento de la escritura. Symantec cree que algunos objetivos pueden ocultados para visitar versiones falsas de sitios web conocidos y la amenaza puede ser instalada a través del navegador web o mediante la explotación de una aplicación. En una computadora, los archivos de registro mostraron que Regin se originó de Yahoo! Instant Messenger, a través de una secuencia de mandos sin confirmar.

Regin utiliza un enfoque modular, lo que da flexibilidad a los operadores de estas amenazas, ya que pueden cargar características personalizadas adaptadas a cada objetivo individual cuando sea necesario. Algunas cargas útiles personalizadas son muy avanzadas y exhiben un alto grado de conocimientos en sectores especializados, una prueba más del alto grado de recursos de los que disponen los autores de Regin.

Hay docenas de cargas útiles Regin. Las capacidades estándar de la amenaza incluyen varias características de acceso remoto troyano (RAT) tales como: captura de pantalla, control de las funciones del mouse, robo de contraseñas, monitoreo del tráfico de la red y la recuperación de archivos borrados.

Más específicos y avanzados módulos de carga útil también fueron descubiertos, tal es el caso de un monitoreo del tráfico del servidor web Microsoft IIS y un rastreador de tráfico de la administración del control de estaciones base de telefonía móvil.

 

Precauciones

Los desarrolladores de Regin ponen un considerable esfuerzo para hacerlo altamente discreto. Su carácter discreto significa que potencialmente puede ser utilizado en las campañas de espionaje que duran varios años. Incluso, cuando se detecta su presencia, es muy difícil determinar lo que está haciendo. Symantec sólo fue capaz de analizar las cargas útiles después de descifrar archivos ejemplo.

Tiene varias características “de precaución”. Éstas incluyen capacidades anti-forenses, un sistema virtual hecho a la medida de encriptado de archivos (EVFS) y cifrado alterno en la forma de una variante de RC5, que no se usa comúnmente. Regin utiliza múltiples sofisticados medios para comunicarse secretamente con el atacante, incluso a través de ICMP/ping, la incrustación de comandos en las cookies de HTTP, TCP personalizado y protocolos UDP.

 

Conclusiones

Regin es una amenaza altamente compleja que se ha utilizado en recolección sistemática de datos o campañas de recopilación de inteligencia. El desarrollo y el funcionamiento de este malware han requerido una importante inversión de tiempo y recursos, lo que indica que detrás es probable que esté un Estado/Nación. Su diseño hace que sea muy adecuado para las operaciones de vigilancia persistentes y de largo plazo contra objetivos.

El descubrimiento de Regin destaca las grandes inversiones que se siguen haciendo en el desarrollo de herramientas para su uso en la recopilación de inteligencia. Symantec cree que muchos de los componentes de Regin permanecen sin ser descubiertos y pueden existir funciones y versiones adicionales. Un análisis adicional continúa y Symantec publicará cualquier actualización de futuros descubrimientos.
 

Otras lecturas

Indicadores para los administradores de seguridad e información técnica y detallada sobre Regin se puede encontrar en nuestro whitepaper – Regin: Top-tier espionage tool enables stealthy surveillance

 

Información de protección

Symantec detecta esta amenaza como Backdoor.Regin[DOB4] .

 

Regin: Ferramenta sofisticada de espionagem permite vigilância discreta

A ferramenta avançada de espionagem exibe um grau de competência técnica raramente visto e foi usada em operações contra governos, operadores de infraestrutura, empresas, pesquisadores e indivíduos.

Twitter Card Style: 

summary

Code_tunnel_concept.png

 

Um malware avançado conhecido como Regin foi utilizado em campanhas sistemáticas de espionagem contra uma variedade de alvos internacionais desde, pelo menos, 2008. Considerado um Cavalo de Tróia do tipo Backdoor, o Regin é um malware complexo, cuja estrutura exibe um grau de competência técnica raramente encontrado. Customizável através de uma ampla gama de capacidades, dependendo do alvo, ele oferece aos controladores um framework poderoso para vigilância em massa, e foi utilizado em operações de espionagem contra organizações governamentais, operadores de infraestrutura, empresas, pesquisadores e indivíduos.

É provável que seu desenvolvimento tenha consumido meses, ou até mesmo anos, até ser concluído, e seus autores se empenharam em apagar seus rastros. Suas capacidades e o nível dos recursos por trás do Regin indicam que ela é uma das principais ferramentas de ciberespionagem utilizadas por um Estado-nação.

Conforme destacado em um novo relatório técnico da Symantec, o Backdoor.Regin é uma ameaça de múltiplos estágios, e cada um deles está escondido e criptografado, com exceção do primeiro. A execução do primeiro nível inicia uma cadeia em dominó de decodificação e carregamento de cada estágio subsequente, em um total de cinco. E assim eles fornecem poucas informações sobre o pacote completo. Somente ao obter todos os cinco estágios é possível analisar e entender a ameaça.

fig1-architecture.png

Figura 1. Os cinco estágios do Regin

O Regin também utiliza uma abordagem modular, permitindo que carregue recursos customizados sob medida para o alvo. Esta abordagem modular foi vista em outros grupos sofisticados de malware, como Flamer e Weevil (The Mask), enquanto a arquitetura de carregamento em múltiplos estágios é semelhante à vista na família de ameaças Duqu/Stuxnet

Linha do tempo e perfil do alvo

Infecções por Regin foram observadas em uma variedade de organizações entre 2008 e 2011, quando ele foi repentinamente recolhido. Uma nova versão do malware reapareceu em 2013. Entre os alvos estão empresas privadas, órgãos governamentais e institutos de pesquisa. E quase metade de todas as infecções foi dirigida a indivíduos e pequenas empresas. Ataques contra empresas de telecomunicações parecem projetados para obter acesso a ligações direcionadas ao longo de sua infraestrutura.

fig2-sectors.png

Figura 2. Infecções confirmadas por Regin por setor

As infecções também foram geograficamente variadas, tendo sido identificadas principalmente em dez países diferentes

fig3-countries.png

Figura 3. Infecções confirmadas por Regin por país

Vetor de infecção e payloads

O vetor de infecção varia e nenhum vetor reprodutível foi encontrado até o momento. A Symantec acredita que alguns alvos podem ser enganados e levados a visitar versões falsas de sites conhecidos, além de a ameaça poder ser instalada através de um navegador ou pela exploração de uma aplicação. Em um computador, os arquivos de registro mostraram que o Regin foi originado no Yahoo! Instant Messenger através de uma exploração não-confirmada.

A ameaça utiliza uma abordagem modular, dando flexibilidade aos operadores, que podem carregar recursos customizados sob medida para alvos individuais, conforme necessário. Alguns payloads customizados são muito avançados e apresentam um alto grau de conhecimento em setores especializados, indicação maior do nível de recursos disponíveis aos autores do Regin.

Há dezenas de payloads do Regin. As capacidades padrão da ameaça incluem diversos recursos de Trojan de Acesso Remoto (RAT), como captura de imagens de tela, tomada de controle das funções de apontar e clicar do mouse, roubo de senhas, monitoramento do tráfego da rede e recuperação de arquivos apagados.

Módulos de payload mais específicos e avançados também foram descobertos, como um monitor de tráfego do servidor de web Microsoft IIS e um sniffer de tráfego da administração de controladores de estações base de telefonia móvel.

Furtivo
Os desenvolvedores do Regin empenharam esforços consideráveis para torná-lo extremamente discreto. Sua natureza discreta significa que pode potencialmente ser empregado em campanhas de espionagem com diversos anos de duração. Mesmo quando sua presença é detectada, é muito difícil determinar o que estava fazendo. A Symantec só foi capaz de analisar os payloads depois de decodificar arquivos de amostra.

Ele tem vários recursos “furtivos”. Entre eles, capacidades anti-forenses, um sistema de arquivo virtual criptografado sob medida (EVFS), e criptografia alternativa na forma de uma variação do RC5, que não é comumente usada. A ameaça usa diversas formas sofisticadas para se comunicar secretamente com o atacante, inclusive através de ICMP/ping, integrando comandos em cookies HTTP, e protocolos TCP e UDP customizados.

Conclusões
O Regin é uma ameaça extremamente complexa que foi utilizada em campanhas de coleta sistemática de dados e de inteligência. O desenvolvimento e a operação deste malware devem ter exigido investimentos significativos de tempo e recursos, indicando que um Estado-nação seja o responsável pelo malware. Seu design o torna perfeito para operações de vigilância persistentes, de longo prazo, contra os alvos.

A descoberta do Regin destaca como investimentos significativos continuam sendo feitos para o desenvolvimento de ferramentas para uso na coleta de inteligência. A Symantec acredita que muitos componentes da ameaça continuam desconhecidos e devem existir funcionalidades e versões adicionais. As análises adicionais continuam e a Symantec publicará quaisquer atualizações sobre futuras descobertas.

Leitura adicional

Indicadores de comprometimento para administradores de segurança e informações técnicas mais detalhadas podem ser encontrados em nosso relatório técnico – Regin: Top-tier espionage tool enables stealthy surveillance

Informações de proteção

Produtos Symantec e Norton detectam esta ameaça como Backdoor.Regin.

??: ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?

      No Comments on ??: ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?
지능적인 스파이 툴인 레긴은 매우 높은 수준의 전문 기술을 갖추고 정부, 기간 산업 기관, 기업, 연구 기관, 개인 사용자를 겨냥한 각종 스파이 작전에 사용되고 있습니다.

Twitter Card Style: 

summary

Code_tunnel_concept.png

 

지능적인 악성 코드 중 하나인 레긴(Regin)은 적어도 2008년부터 전 세계의 다양한 표적을 대상으로 한 조직적인 스파이 작전에 활용되어 왔습니다. 백도어 유형의 트로이 목마인 레긴은 매우 높은 수준의 기술 전문성을 갖춘 복잡한 악성 코드입니다. 레긴은 광범위한 기능을 활용하여 표적에 따라 맞춤 구현할 수 있으며, 관련 제어 권한을 가진 사용자에게 대규모 정탐을 가능케 하는 강력한 프레임워크를 제공하므로 정부 기관, 기간산업 기관, 기업, 연구 기관, 개인 사용자를 대상으로 한 스파이 작전에 이용되어 왔습니다.

레긴을 개발하는 데 수개월에서 많게는 수년이 소요되었을 것으로 보이며 개발자들이 관련 행적을 감추기 위해 많은 노력을 기울였을 것으로 추측됩니다. 레긴의 기능과 그를 뒷받침하는 리소스의 수준으로 미루어볼 때 이 악성 코드는 일부 국가 정부에서 사용되는 주요 사이버 첩보 수단 중 하나로 보입니다.

시만텍이 새로 발표한 기술 백서에서 소개하는 것처럼 Backdoor.Regin은 다단계 보안 위협으로, 첫 단계를 제외한 모든 단계가 암호화되고 숨겨져 있습니다. 첫 단계를 실행하면 후속 단계가 차례로 해독되고 로드되어 총 5단계가 수행되는데, 개별 단계만으로는 전체 패키지를 파악하는 것이 거의 불가능합니다. 이 보안 위협을 분석하고 이해하려면 다섯 단계 전체를 획득해야 합니다.

Page 2.png
그림 1. 레긴의 5단계

또한 레긴은 모듈 방식을 사용하므로 공격 표적에 따라 맞춤 기능을 로드하는 것이 가능합니다. 이러한 모듈 방식은 Flamer, Weevil(The Mask)과 같은 다른 정교한 악성 코드 그룹에서도 확인된 바 있으며, 다단계 로딩 아키텍처는 Duqu/Stuxnet 보안 위협 계열과 유사합니다.

추이 공격 대상
레긴 감염 사례는 2008년에서 2011년 사이에 다양한 조직에서 발견되었다가 갑작스럽게 사라졌습니다. 2013년부터는 이 악성 코드의 새로운 버전이 활동하기 시작했는데, 민간 기업을 비롯하여 정부 기관, 연구 기관 등이 공격 표적에 포함되었습니다. 절반에 가까운 감염 사례가 개인 사용자와 소기업에서 발견되었습니다. 통신 회사에 대한 공격은 해당 인프라스트럭처를 통해 통화 라우팅에 접근하는 데 주안점을 두고 설계된 것으로 보입니다.

Page 3-1.png
그림 2. 확인된 레긴 감염 사례(부문별)

한편 감염 사례는 다양한 지역에서 나타나고 있는데, 특히 10개국에서 그 활동이 두드러졌습니다.

Page 3-2.png

그림 3. 확인된 레긴 감염 사례(국가별)

감염 벡터 페이로드
레긴의 감염 벡터는 표적에 따라 달라지며, 현재로서는 재현 가능한 벡터가 발견되지 않았습니다. 시만텍은 일부 피해자들이 유명 웹 사이트를 사칭한 스푸핑 버전에 방문하도록 유인되었을 것으로 보고 있습니다. 이 경우 보안 위협이 웹 브라우저 또는 애플리케이션 익스플로잇을 통해 설치될 가능성이 있습니다. 실제로 일부 시스템의 로그 파일을 보면 Yahoo! Instant Messenger의 미확인 익스플로잇을 통해 레긴이 유입된 것을 알 수 있습니다.

레긴은 모듈 방식을 사용하므로 공격자가 필요에 따라 표적에 적합한 맞춤형 기능을 추가할 수 있는 유연성을 제공합니다. 일부 맞춤형 페이로드는 매우 정교하고 특정 분야에 대한 고도의 전문성을 보여주는데, 이 역시 레긴 개발 조직이 보유한 리소스의 수준을 가늠케 합니다.

레긴 페이로드는 수십 가지에 달합니다. 이 보안 위협은 다양한 RAT(Remote Access Trojan) 기능을 표준으로 제공하며, 여기에는 스크린샷 캡처, 마우스의 포인트 앤 클릭 기능 제어, 암호 도용, 네트워크 트래픽 감시, 삭제 파일 복구 등이 포함됩니다.

그 외에 Microsoft IIS 웹 서버 트래픽 모니터, 휴대폰 기지국 제어 장치 관리에 대한 트래픽 감시 프로그램 등 보다 정교하고 특화된 형태의 페이로드 모듈도 발견되었습니다.

은닉 기능
레긴 개발자들은 이 악성 코드가 이목을 끌지 않도록 하는 데 각별한 노력을 기울였습니다. 이러한 은닉성은 수년에 걸친 첩보 작전에 이용될 가능성을 시사합니다. 심지어 악성 코드의 존재가 드러나는 경우라도 구체적으로 어떤 활동을 수행하는지 파악하기가 매우 어렵습니다. 시만텍은 샘플 파일을 해독한 후에야 페이로드를 분석할 수 있었습니다.

레긴은 다양한 “은닉” 기능을 갖추고 있습니다. 그중에는 분석 차단(anti-forensics) 기능, 맞춤형 암호화 가상 파일 시스템(EVFS), 일반적으로 사용되진 않지만 RC5 변종의 형태를 띤 대체 암호화 기능이 포함되어 있습니다. 레긴은 ICMP/ping, HTTP 쿠키에 포함된 명령, 맞춤형 TCP 및 UDP 프로토콜 등 여러 정교한 수단을 통해 공격자와 은밀하게 소통합니다.

결론
레긴은 매우 복잡한 보안 위협으로 조직적인 데이터 수집 또는 첩보 작전에 이용되어 왔습니다. 공격자가 이 악성 코드를 개발하고 운영하는 데 상당한 시간과 재원을 투자했을 것으로 보이며, 이는 배후에 국가 정부가 개입되어 있을 가능성을 시사합니다. 이 악성 코드는 표적을 지속적이고 장기적으로 정탐하는 데 최적화되어 있습니다.

레긴의 발견은 첩보 활동을 위한 툴 개발에 지속적으로 얼마나 많은 투자가 이루어지는지 보여줍니다. 시만텍은 레긴의 구성 요소 중 상당수가 아직 밝혀지지 않았으며 또 다른 기능과 버전도 존재할 가능성이 있다고 판단합니다. 시만텍은 추가적인 분석을 통해 새롭게 밝혀지는 정보를 업데이트할 계획입니다.

추가 자료
보안 관리자가 주목해야 할 감염 지표를 비롯하여 보다 자세하고 기술적인 정보는 시만텍 기술 백서, 레긴: 은밀한 감시 기능을 갖춘 최첨단 첩보 툴을 참조하십시오.

시만텍의 보호
시만텍 및 노턴 제품은 이 보안 위협을 Backdoor.Regin으로 탐지합니다.

Regin??????????????????

      No Comments on Regin??????????????????
Regin 是一款先進的窺伺工具,本身具有極為罕見的技術專業能力,並且已經運用於窺伺政府機關、基礎設施營運商、各級企業、研究機構乃至於平民個人。

Twitter Card Style: 

summary

Code_tunnel_concept.png

 

這款先進的惡意軟體,名稱為 Regin;至少自 2008 年起就已經開始用運用在有系統的窺伺活動中,針對許多跨國目標進行窺伺。Regin 屬於後門類型的木馬程式,是一款複雜的惡意軟體,其結構呈現出罕見的技術專業能力。這款惡意軟體藉由依目標而定的眾多功能實現自訂目標,能夠使其操控者得以運用功能強大的架構進行大規模監視,並且已經運用在以政府機關、基礎設施營運商、各級企業、研究機構乃至於平民個人為對象的窺伺行動當中。

這款惡意軟體的開發時間,就算不是耗時數年,也是耗費數個月才完成的;而且作者也花費許多心思隱匿其蹤跡。Regin 的功能及其背後所投注的資源層級,在在顯示,這是一款國家級的重大網路刺探工具。

正如賽門鐵克在新發行的技術白皮書中所言Backdoor.Regin 是一項分段式威脅,而且除第一階段外,各個階段都經過隱藏並以加密處理。執行第一階段會啟動一連串的解密作業,並載入所有後續階段,一共五個階段。而各別階段皆提供少量有關完整套件的資訊。只有集合全部五個階段,才能分析並瞭解這項威脅。

fig1-architecture.png

1.Regin 的五個階段

Regin 也採用模組化方式,載入專為特定目標而設計的自訂功能。這種模組化方式也已經在其他系列的精密惡意軟體系列中發現,例如 Flamer 與 Weevil (即「面具」),而分段式載入架構,也類似於 Duqu/Stuxnet 系列威脅所呈現的情況。  

時間進程與目標相關資料
在 2008 年至 2011 年之間,我們觀察到 Regin 感染各種組織機構,而在此之後,它卻突然隱匿。而此惡意軟體的新版本,則是自 2013 年起重新出現。攻擊目標包含民營公司、政府機關以及研究機構。將近半數的感染,都是以平民個人與小型企業做為目標。針對電信公司的攻擊,顯然意在取得透過其基礎設施傳送的通話內容。

fig2-sectors.png

2.經各部門所確認的 Regin 感染事件

感染事件發生在各個不同的地區,已經獲悉的感染,主要發生於十個不同的國家地區。

fig3-countries.png

2.經各部門所確認的 Regin 感染事件

感染事件發生在各個不同的地區,已經獲悉的感染,主要發生於十個不同的國家地區。

POS malware: Potent threat remains for retailers

The retail industry continues to be a low-hanging fruit for attackers and attacks are likely to continue until the full transition to more secure payment technologies.

Twitter Card Style: 

summary

As Americans gear up for another holiday shopping season, the threat posed by point-of-sale malware remains high. More than a year after the discovery of the first major attacks against POS networks, many US retailers are still vulnerable to this type of attack and are likely to remain so until the complete transition to more secure payment card technologies in 2015. 

While some retailers have enhanced security by implementing encryption on their POS terminals, others have not and retailers will continue to be a low-hanging fruit for some time. While the introduction of new technologies will help stem the flow of attacks, it will not eliminate fraud completely and attackers have a track record of adapting their methods. 

Point-of-sale malware is now one of the biggest sources of stolen payment cards for cybercriminals. Although it hit the headlines over the past year, the POS malware threat has been slowly germinating since 2005 and the retail industry missed several warning signals in the intervening period. This allowed attackers to hone their methods and paved the way for the mega-breaches of 2013 and 2014, which compromised approximately 100 million payment cards and potentially affected up to one-in-three people in the US.

Attacks have reached epidemic proportions in part because POS malware kits are now widely available, which means attackers can target retailers without having to develop their tools from scratch. For example, BlackPOS (detected by Symantec as Infostealer.Reedum), which was used in the some of the most high profile attacks, has been for sale since February 2013 with a price tag of US$2,000. This is a relatively small investment for attackers, who are likely to net millions from a successful operation. 

pos-barchart-662x518.png
Figure 1. Point-of-sale attacks exploded once malware kits became widely available on the cyberunderground

Hopelessly exposed
Attacks on point-of-sale terminals had their genesis as far back as 2005, when attackers began using networking-sniffing malware to intercept payment card data while in transit. A group of attackers led by Albert Gonzalez were the main perpetrators, stealing more than 90 million card records from retailers. 

As payments processors and retailers tightened up their security, the attackers adapted and attention turned to the point-of-sale terminal. When a card is swiped, its details are briefly stored in the terminal’s memory while being transmitted to the payment processor. This provides a brief window for malware on the terminal to copy the card data, which it then transmits back to the attackers. The technique is known as “memory scraping”. 

POS malware was first discovered October 2008, when Visa issued an alert on a new type of exploit. During a fraud investigation, it found that attackers had been installing debugging software on POS systems that was capable of extracting full magnetic stripe data from its memory. Little heed appears to have been taken of this warning, giving malware developers time to perfect their methods. In the intervening period, developers have worked to streamline the malware, integrating all functionality into a single piece of software. 

This development process eventually led to fully featured POS malware kits emerging on underground markets from 2012 onwards. US retailers were hopelessly exposed and what followed was a flood of high profile breaches, with several major US retailers hit by POS malware attacks. 

Spotlight: BlackPOS
One of the most widely used forms of POS malware is BlackPOS which is also known as KAPTOXA, Memory Monitor, Dump Memory Grabber, and Reedum. Variants of BlackPOS have been used to mount some of the biggest retail POS breaches. 

Its development mirrors the evolution of the broader POS malware market. The earliest versions of BlackPOS date from 2010. Over time, it has evolved into a highly capable cybercrime tool which employs encryption to cover its tracks and can be customized to suit the target environment. 

By February 2013, BlackPOS was ready for the mass market and the group behind one of its variants began selling it on underground forums, charging customers $2,000 for the package. 

Thriving marketplace
While the malware used to mount POS attacks is usually sold on underground forums, these forums are also often where the bounty of those attacks returns to be sold. For example, stolen credit card details from some of the biggest US breaches were sold on a forum known as Rescator. 

New research from Symantec found that prices can vary heavily depending on a number of factors, such as the type of card and its level, i.e. gold, platinum or business. Card data originating from the US tends to be cheaper because of the widespread availability stolen US cards. Card details along with extra information, known as “Fullz”, tend to attract higher prices because details such as someone’s date of birth or credit card security password make it easier to perform fraudulent transactions or other activities. 

Single credit cards from the US tend to cost $1.50 to $5, with discounts often available for those who buy in bulk. Single cards from the EU tend to cost more, selling for $5 to $8. Fullz start at $5 and can range up to $20. A single embossed plastic card with custom number and name meanwhile will sell for approximately $70. The stolen cards uploaded to Rescator were initially selling at a cost of $45 to $130 per card before prices later settled down.

Will new technologies render POS malware obsolete? 
New payment card technologies, many of which are already in use in Europe, have been promoted as effective countermeasures for POS malware but are not a silver bullet. Their arrival is likely to herald the end of the large-scale POS breaches seen in recent years, but they will not eradicate theft of credit card data completely.  

The adoption of EMV, chip-and-pin cards to replace traditional magnetic stripe cards ought to render the current generation of memory-scraping POS malware ineffective. However, chip-and-pin cards are still susceptible to skimming attacks and stolen credit card numbers can still be used in “card-not-present” transactions, such as online purchases. 

Additionally, stolen credit card information in Europe is often used in the US since it doesn’t have chip and pin as a verification method. Going by this precedent, the advent of chip and pin in the US may mean attackers will continue to attempt to steal card information but use it in other countries that don’t use the chip-and-pin standard. 

The chip-and-pin standard itself may be superseded at some point by the adoption of NFC mobile payment solutions such as Apple Pay, Google Wallet or CurrentC. With these payment technologies, the credit card number isn’t transmitted during the transaction. NFC is still susceptible to exploitation by attackers, but most attacks require physical proximity, making large-scale thefts almost impossible.

Advice for consumers
Some retailers are rolling out encryption on their point-of-sale networks to prevent memory scanning, which is encouraging. However, attackers have a tendency to adapt and evolve, and will no doubt look to circumvent these additional countermeasures. 

There are several steps you can take to remain vigilant against this type of fraud:

  • Monitor your bank account and credit card statements for any strange or unfamiliar transactions. Notify your bank immediately if you notice anything suspicious. Small transactions, such as a $1 charitable donation, are often used by criminals to test if a card is still usable.
  • Carefully guard personal information such as your address, your Social Security number, or date of birth, and don’t use easily guessed passwords or PIN codes. All of these details can be used to facilitate identity theft and defeat additional security checks.

Advice for businesses
Symantec has a number of solutions for retailers who wish to guard their point-of-sale systems from attack. For more details, please read: Secure Your Point-of-Sale System

Symantec protection
Symantec products detect all of the currently known variants of point-of-sale malware, including:

BlackPOS

FrameworkPOS

Dexter

Chewbacca

JackPOS

RawPOS

Vskimmer

Backoff

Further information
For more information about attacks against POS systems, please read our whitepaper entitled: Attacks on point of sales systems

Annual G20 summit is attractive target for Flea attack group

Attackers attempt to steal information from targeted officials through spear-phishing emails.

G20 summit 1 edit.jpg

Each year, as world leaders come together to discuss a variety of global economic issues at the G20 summit, organizations with a vested interest in the event are the recipients of malicious emails from threat actors.

This year, the summit will be held in Brisbane, Australia on November 15 and 16 and a specific attack group, which we call Flea, has been circulating malicious emails throughout 2014 in anticipation of the event. Targets include an international economic organization as well as a group connected to multiple monetary authorities. Once the attackers have compromised their target’s computers, they identify and steal valuable information from them.

Who is the Flea attack group?
The Flea attackers have been active since at least 2010 when they sent a decoy document to target those interested in the G20 Summit held in Seoul, South Korea that year. They have typically targeted European governments, global military organizations, and financial institutions. Flea uses one particular attack tool, detected as Infostealer.Hoardy, which can open a back door, run shell commands, and upload and download files on the compromised computer.

The attackers’ primary motivation is to steal information from targeted officials. They typically send spear-phishing emails with malicious attachments to compromise their intended victims’ computers. The content of these messages usually centers on an international event or theme that is of interest to their targets, such as nuclear issues, the Olympics, and major political conferences. They may also disguise these emails as job applications and send them to HR departments of targeted firms. Once the malware infects their target’s computers, the threat gives the attackers the ability to carry out reconnaissance on the compromised computers and identify and exfiltrate valuable information.  

The Flea attack group carries out new attacks every four to eight months, suggesting that the group only wishes to steal information over a short amount of time. Flea’s attack tools also indicate that the group is not interested in laterally moving across compromised networks to reach other targets.

G20 summit 2.png

Figure 1. Flea attacks since 2010

Current G20 summit campaign
The Flea group has been circulating two G20-themed emails in the run-up to this weekend’s summit. The subject of one of these emails posits, “What exactly is the point of the G20 in Australia?” The email includes a malicious Word document that attempts to exploit the Microsoft Windows Common Controls ActiveX Control Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (CVE-2012-0158) on vulnerable computers.

Another email relates to a G20 document that is of interest to financial institutions. Following each meeting between finance ministers and central bank governors, a communiqué is released which includes G20 policy discussions and commitments. The Flea attackers know about these documents and have been circulating emails with the subject “Communiqué Meeting of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank” along with a malicious Word document similar to the one previously discussed.

In each of these examples, the malicious Word documents have been used to deploy Infostealer.Hoardy. A non-malicious Word document is also opened up on the compromised computer to ensure that the recipient doesn’t suspect that anything is amiss.

G20 Summit 3.png

Figure 2. Non-malicious Word document

The attackers have sent these emails to multiple targets, including an international economic organization and a group connected to multiple monetary authorities. These targets have an interest in what is discussed at the G20 summit and some may have delegations attending the event. It gives the attackers a major opportunity to steal valuable data from their targets by enticing them with G20-themed communications.

Future G20-themed attacks
The Flea attack group isn’t the only threat to worry about during G20 summits. Threat actors have always found the G20 summit an opportune time to target individuals within governments and financial and economic development organizations. Prior to last year’s summit in Saint Petersburg, Russia, we observed a campaign using the Poison Ivy remote access Trojan (RAT) to target multiple groups. These targeted organizations should expect more of the same during future G20 summits. Different threat actors will no doubt continue to use organizations’ interests in the G20 summit to target them again in the coming years.

Protection
Symantec recommends that users exercise caution when opening emails and attachments from unexpected or unknown senders. Symantec detects the malware used in these latest G20-themed attacks as Infostealer.Hoardy.

Indicators of compromise
MD5s:

  • 026936afbbbdd9034f0a24b4032bd2f8
  • 069aeba691efe44bfdc0377cd58b16ae
  • 072af79bb2705b27ac2e8d61a25af04b
  • 09b5f55ce2c73883c1f168ec34d70eb9
  • 153b035161c8f50e343f143d0f9d327f
  • 277487587ae9c11d7f4bd5336275a906
  • 2a3da83f4037ad82790b2a6f86e28aa2
  • 2df1fd8d73c39dbdbb0e0cdc6dbd70de
  • 34252b84bb92e533ab3be2a075ab69ac
  • 4c46abe77c752f21a59ee03da0ad5011
  • 4c86634100493f0200bbdaf75efa0ebe
  • 56dd30a460cdd3cf0c5356558550e160
  • 5cc39185b302cc446c503d34ce85bab7
  • 5ee64f9e44cddaa7ed11d752a149484d
  • 5ee81c755aa668fc12a9cbcbab51912f
  • 5ff0cb0184c2bcfbda32354f68ca043c
  • 62af361228a14b310042e69d6bab512c
  • 649691e1d367721f0ff899fd31133915
  • 6af82418fa391ea1c5b9a568cb6486b1
  • 6cb633b371700d1bd6fde49ab38ca471
  • 703c9218e52275ad36147f45258d540d
  • 727ef86947f5e109435298e077296a42
  • 745355bbb33c63ebc87d0c021eebbf67
  • 777aab06646701c2c454db5c06982646
  • 7fd4dcc3ae97a5cd2d229b63f1daa4b6
  • 82b1712156c5af50e634914501c24fb1
  • 89495d7f2f79848693f593ea8385c5cd
  • 8aebcd65ac4a8c10f0f676a62241ca70
  • 8c7cf7baaf20fe9bec63eb8928afdb41
  • 8c8d6518910bc100e159b587a7eb7f8d
  • 98f58f61f4510be9c531feb5f000172f
  • a8d6302b5711699a3229811bdad204ca
  • aa0126970bab1fa5ef150ca9ef9d9e2e
  • abe4a942cb26cd87a35480751c0e50ae
  • b391d47b37841741a1817221b946854a
  • b68a16cef982e6451ddf26568c60833d
  • b9c47a5ccd90fda2f935fc844d73c086
  • be58180f4f7ee6a643ab1469a40ffbca
  • c2c1bc15e7d172f9cd386548da917bed
  • c50116a3360eec4721fec95fe01cf30e
  • c718d03d7e48a588e54cc0942854cb9e
  • d03d53f3b555fe1345df9da63aca0aaf
  • da9f870ef404c0f6d3b7069f51a3de70
  • e0abc2e1297b60d2ef92c8c3a0e66f14
  • e4d8bb0b93f5da317d150f039964d734
  • e75527a20bb75aa9d12a4d1df19b91fa
  • e8c26a8de33465b184d9a214b32c0af8
  • ecc1167a5f45d72c899303f9bbe44bbc
  • feec98688fe3f575e9ee2bd64c33d646
  • 14e79a4db9666e0070fe745551a2a73e
  • 2fc6827c453a95f64862638782ffeb9d
  • 4f2cc578e92cdf21f776cbc3466bad10
  • b2c51b84a0ebb5b8fc13e9ff23175596
  • cc92b45a6568845de77426382edf7eb0
  • 05f854faef3a47b0b3d220adee5ccb45
  • db8e651a2842c9d40bd98b18ea9c4836
  • 15302b87fe0e4471a7694b3bc4ec9192
  • 9ee87ad0842acf7fc0413f2889c1703e
  • 836ea5f415678a07fd6770966c208120
  • ea12d6f883db4415d6430504b1876dc6
  • 88e869f7b628670e16ce2d313aa24d64

Command-and-control servers:

  • g20news.ns01[.]us
  • news.studenttrail[.]com
  • skyline.ns1[.]name
  • www.trap.dsmtp[.]com
  • ftp.backofficepower[.]com
  • news.freewww[.]info
  • blackberry.dsmtp[.]com
  • adele.zyns[.]com
  • windowsupdate.serveuser[.]com
  • officescan.securitynh[.]com
  • cascais.epac[.]to
  • www.errorreporting.sendsmtp[.]com
  • www.sumba.freetcp[.]com
  • google.winfy[.]info
  • cname.yahoo.sendsmtp[.]com
  • mail.yahoo.sendsmtp[.]com
  • update.msntoole[.]com
  • expo2010.zyns[.]com
  • win7.sixth[.]biz
  • ensun.dyndns[.]org
  • www.spaces.ddns[.]us
  • blog.strancorproduct[.]info
  • belgiquede[.]com
  • brazil.queretara[.]net
  • facebook.proxydns[.]com
  • windows.serveusers[.]com

Los cuatro eventos más destacados de seguridad en Internet del 2014

Desde importantes vulnerabilidades hasta el ciberespionaje, Symantec revisa lo sucedido este año y lo que significará para el futuro.

events-2014-concept-600x315-socialmedia.jpg

Con tanta variedad de incidentes de seguridad en 2014 -desde las fugas de datos a gran escala hasta las vulnerabilidades en la web- es difícil saber qué destacó más. ¿Cuáles situaciones fueron meramente interesantes y cuáles tienen que ver con las tendencias más grandes en temas de seguridad en Internet? ¿Qué amenazas son restos del pasado y cuáles son indicaciones de lo que nos depara el futuro?

A continuación presentamos cuatro de los acontecimientos más importantes en el ramo de la seguridad en línea del último año, lo que aprendimos (o deberíamos haber aprendido) a partir de ellos y lo que presagian para el próximo año.

 

El descubrimiento de las vulnerabilidades Heartbleed y ShellShock Bash Bug

En la primavera de 2014, se descubrió Heartbleed, una grave vulnerabilidad en OpenSSL. Es una de las implementaciones más comunes de los protocolos SSL y TLS que se utilizan en muchos sitios web populares. Heartbleed permite a los atacantes robar información confidencial como credenciales de acceso, datos personales o incluso las claves de cifrado que pueden llevar a la revelación de comunicaciones seguras.

Luego, a principios de otoño, una vulnerabilidad fue encontrada en Bash, un componente común conocido como un caparazón, que se incluye en la mayoría de las versiones de los sistemas operativos Linux y Unix, además de Mac OS X (que en sí mismo está basado en Unix). Conocida como ShellShock o Bash Bug, esta vulnerabilidad permite a un atacante no sólo robar datos de una computadora infectada sino también tener control sobre el propio equipo, lo que podría darle acceso a otros equipos de la red.

Heartbleed y ShellShock se convirtieron en el centro de atención en seguridad del software de código abierto y se identificó como el núcleo de muchos sistemas de los que dependemos para el comercio electrónico. Para las vulnerabilidades en software patentado dependemos de un solo proveedor para proporcionar un parche. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de un software de código abierto, éste puede estar integrado en cualquier número de aplicaciones y sistemas. Esto significa que un administrador tiene que depender de una variedad de proveedores para el suministro de parches. Con ShellShock y Heartbleed hubo una gran confusión en cuanto a la disponibilidad y eficacia de los parches. Esperemos que esto sirva como una llamada de atención para la necesidad de contar con mayores respuestas coordinadas a las vulnerabilidades de código abierto, similares al programa MAPP.

En el futuro, amenazas como éstas seguirán descubriéndose en programas de código abierto. Pero, si bien esto es potencialmente una rica y nueva área para los atacantes, el mayor riesgo viene de las vulnerabilidades conocidas, en las que no se están aplicando los parches adecuados. El Informe sobre las Amenazas de Seguridad de Internet de este año mostró que 77% de los sitios web legítimos tenía vulnerabilidades explotables. Así que, en 2015 probablemente veremos atacantes utilizando Heartbleed o ShellShock, pero hay cientos de otras vulnerabilidades sin parches que los hackers continuarán explotando libremente.

 

Ciberespionaje coordinado y potencial: Dragonfly y Turla

El grupo Dragonfly que parece haber estado en funcionamiento por lo menos desde 2011, inicialmente se enfocó en atacar empresas de defensa y aviación en Estados Unidos y Canadá, antes de cambiar su blanco a empresas de energía, a principios de 2013. Capaz de lanzar ataques a través de varios vectores diferentes, su más ambiciosa campaña de ataque infectó una serie de sistema de control industrial (ICS) de proveedores de equipos, dañando su software con un tipo de acceso remoto troyano. Esto dio a los atacantes acceso completo a los sistemas en los que se había instalado este software. Si bien esto permite a los atacantes llegar a las organizaciones objetivo con el fin de llevar a cabo actividades de espionaje, muchos de estos sistemas estaban utilizando programas ICS para controlar infraestructura crítica, tales como oleoductos y redes de energía. Si bien no se vio ciberespionaje en estos ataques, no hay duda que los atacantes tenían la capacidad y podrían haber puesto en marcha este tipo de acciones en cualquier momento. Quizás eligieron esperar y fueron interrumpidos antes de que pudieran seguir adelante.

Dragonfly también utiliza campañas dirigidas de correo electrónico spam y ataques de tipo watering hole para infectar organizaciones seleccionadas. Del mismo modo, el grupo detrás del software malicioso Turla también utiliza una estrategia de ataque múltiple para infectar a las víctimas a través de correos electrónicos de suplantación de identidad y ataques watering hole. Los ataques infectan una serie de sitios web legítimos y sólo “entregan” el software malicioso a los visitantes de cierto rango de direcciones IP preseleccionados. Los atacantes también podían dejar sus herramientas de vigilancia más sofisticadas para objetivos de alto valor. Los motivos de Turla son diferentes a los de Dragonfly. Los atacantes detrás de Turla están vigilando a largo plazo embajadas y departamentos del gobierno, una forma muy tradicional de espionaje.

Sin embargo, tanto las campañas de Dragonfly y de  Turla llevan el sello de operaciones patrocinadas por algún Estado, mostrando un alto grado de capacidad técnica y recursos. Ellos son capaces de montar ataques a través de múltiples vectores e infectar numerosos sitios web de terceros, con el propósito aparente de ser ciberespionaje -y sabotaje- como una capacidad secundaria de Dragonfly.

Estas campañas son sólo ejemplos de las muchas otras campañas de espionaje que vemos y se crean a diario. Este es un problema mundial y no muestra señales de disminuir, como por ejemplo ataques como Sandworm , relacionados con una serie de vulnerabilidades de día-cero. Dada la evidencia de los amplios recursos técnicos y financieros, es muy probable que estos ataques estén patrocinados por el Estado.

 

Tarjetas de crédito en la mira

El lucrativo negocio de la venta de datos de tarjetas de crédito o débito robadas en el mercado negro las vuelve un objetivo prioritario para los cibercriminales. En 2014 se presentaron varios ataques de alto perfil dirigidos a sistemas de punto de venta (POS) para obtener información de tarjetas de pago de los consumidores. Un factor que hace de Estados Unidos un objetivo prioritario es la falta de adopción del sistema chip-and-PIN, conocido como EMV (Europay, MasterCard y Visa), que ofrece más seguridad que las tarjetas de banda magnética. Los ataques utilizan malware que puede robar información de la banda magnética de la tarjeta de pago, al momento de ser leída por el equipo y antes de que se encripte. Esta información robada puede entonces ser utilizada para clonar esa tarjeta. Debido a que la información de transacciones de tarjetas EMV se codifica de forma única, cada vez, es más difícil para los criminales recoger pedazos de datos útiles de pago y utilizarlos de nuevo para otra compra. Sin embargo, las tarjetas EMV son tan susceptibles de ser utilizadas para compras en línea fraudulentas como las tarjetas tradicionales.

Apple Pay, que básicamente convierte tu teléfono móvil en una “billetera virtual” utilizando tecnología de comunicación de campo cercano (NFC), también se lanzó en 2014. NFC es un tipo de comunicación que implica la transmisión de datos de forma inalámbrica desde un dispositivo a otro objeto físico cercano, en este caso una caja registradora.

Mientras que los sistemas de pago NFC han estado disponibles por un tiempo, esperamos ver el próximo año un aumento en la adopción de esta tecnología en los consumidores, a medida que más teléfonos inteligentes son compatibles con él. Vale la pena señalar que, si bien los sistemas NFC son más seguros que las bandas magnéticas, todavía hay una posibilidad de que los hackers lo exploten, aunque esto requeriría que los atacantes se enfoquen en tarjetas individuales y no daría lugar a fugas a gran escala o robos como los que hemos visto. Sin embargo, la tecnología de pago utilizada actualmente no protegerá contra las tiendas que no almacenan los datos de las tarjetas de pago de sus clientes de forma segura, así que ellos todavía tendrán que estar al pendiente en proteger los datos almacenados.

 

El aumento de la colaboración con la policía

Ahora, para hablar un poco de buenas noticias: en 2014 vimos muchos ejemplos de equipos internacionales de aplicación de la ley que tomaron una postura más activa y agresiva sobre los delitos informáticos, colaborando cada vez más con la industria de la seguridad en Internet para acabar con los criminales cibernéticos.

Blackshades es un troyano de acceso remoto (RAT) muy popular y poderoso utilizado por una amplia gama de agentes de amenaza, desde piratas informáticos principiantes hasta sofisticados grupos de ciberdelincuencia. En mayo de 2014, el FBI, Europol y varias otras agencias de aplicación de la ley arrestaron a decenas de personas sospechosas de actividad criminal cibernética centradas en el uso de Blackshades (también conocido como W32.Shadesrat). Symantec trabajó en estrecha colaboración con el FBI en este esfuerzo coordinado para acabar con ellos, compartiéndoles información que permitió a la agencia localizar a los presuntos implicados.

Apenas un mes después, el FBI, la Agencia Nacional de Crimen del Reino Unido y una serie de agencias internacionales encargadas de hacer cumplir la ley, trabajaron en conjunto con Symantec y otras empresas del sector privado, para detener dos de las operaciones de fraude financiero más peligrosas del mundo: el botnet Gameover Zeus y la red de ransomware CryptoLocker. Y, como resultado, el FBI confiscó una gran infraestructura utilizada por ambas amenazas.

Si bien estos desmantelamientos son parte de un esfuerzo continuo, no veremos a la ciberdelincuencia desaparecer de la noche a la mañana. Tanto la industria privada como las autoridades tendrán que seguir cooperando para tener un impacto duradero. En este sentido, a medida que la tasa y la sofisticación de los ataques cibernéticos se incrementa, esperamos ver la continuación de esta tendencia de colaboración para localizar a los delincuentes y detenerlos en el camino.

Así que, estos son los cuatro eventos más importantes de seguridad en línea que hemos visto este 2014. Por supuesto, todavía quedan algunas semanas antes de que llegue el 2015, por lo que todavía podríamos ver que aparezcan otros eventos, pero se puede confiar en que Symantec está aquí y protegemos tu información, sin importar lo que venga a futuro.