Sophisticated Google Drive Phishing Scam Returns
Google Drive phishing page served over SSL from the legitimate Google Drive service itself.
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Google Drive phishing page served over SSL from the legitimate Google Drive service itself.
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Powerful Russian cybercrime gangs have begun to use premium Android malware to broaden their attacks on financial institutions. The tool, known as iBanking, is one of the most expensive pieces of malware Symantec has seen on the underground market and its creator has a polished, Software-as-a-Service business model.
Operating under the handle GFF, its owner sells subscriptions to the software, complete with updates and technical support for up to US$5,000. For attackers unable to raise the subscription fee, GFF is also prepared to strike a deal, offering leases in exchange for a share of the profits.
iBanking often masquerades as legitimate social networking, banking or security applications and is mainly being used to defeat out-of-band security measures employed by banks, intercepting one-time passwords sent through SMS. It can also be used to construct mobile botnets and conduct covert surveillance on victims. iBanking has a number of advanced features, such as allowing attackers to toggle between HTTP and SMS control, depending on the availability of an Internet connection.
Its high price tag meant that use was initially confined mainly to well-resourced cybercrime gangs but, with the recent leak of its source code, Symantec has seen a significant increase in activity around iBanking and attacks are likely to grow further in the near future.
How it works
Attackers use social engineering tactics to lure their victims into downloading and installing iBanking on their Android devices. The victim is usually already infected with a financial Trojan on their PC, which will generate a pop up message when they visit a banking or social networking website, asking them to install a mobile app as an additional security measure.

Figure 1. How an iBanking victim is infected
The user is prompted for their phone number and the device operating system and will then be sent a download link for the fake software by SMS. If the user fails to receive the message for any reason, the attackers also provide a direct link and QR code as alternatives for installing the software. In some cases, the malware is hosted on the attackers’ servers. In other cases, it is hosted on reputable third-party marketplaces.
iBanking can be configured to look like official software from a range of different banks and social networks. Once it is installed on the phone, the attacker has almost complete access to the handset and can intercept voice and SMS communications.
History
iBanking has evolved from a simple SMS stealer into a powerful Android Trojan, capable of stealing a wide range of information from an infected handset, intercepting voice and text communications, and even recording audio through the phone’s microphone.
Early, pre-sale versions were seen in August 2013. They had limited functionality and could simply redirect calls and steal SMS messages. iBanking’s owner, who operates under the handle GFF, has continually refined the malware. By September 2013, it had gone on sale on a major Eastern European underground forum and was already replete with a broad range of functionality.
iBanking can be controlled through both SMS and HTTP. This effectively provides online and offline options for command and control. By default, the malware checks for a valid Internet connection. If one is found, it can be controlled over the Web through HTTP. If no Internet connection is present, it switches to SMS.
iBanking’s main features now include:
While iBanking was initially only available from GFF at a premium price of US$5,000, the source code for the malware was leaked in February. Not surprisingly, this resulted in an immediate increase in bot activity relating to iBanking. Symantec predicts that this upsurge in activity will continue as news of the leaked source code spreads through the underground.
However, we believe that the more professional cybercrime groups will continue to pay for the product, allowing them to avail of updates, technical support and new features. The leaked version of iBanking is unsupported and contains an unpatched vulnerability.
GFF continues to develop iBanking and add new features. They have also claimed that they are developing a version for BlackBerry, although this has yet to go on sale.
How one hacker’s search for stolen Bitcoins led to an attack on the BBC and the leak of iBanking’s source code
The source code for iBanking was leaked following a bizarre series of events in which a hacker went on an attacking spree as part of a quest to retrieve 65,000 stolen Bitcoins.

Figure 2. ReVOLVeR uses Twitter to brag about attacking the BBC
It began in December 2013 when hacker ReVOLVeR began investigating the theft of 65,000 Bitcoins from a friend. ReVOLVeR traced the theft to the friend’s mobile phone and found an iBanking infection which they believed had leaked the username and password for their Bitcoin wallet. At the time, one Bitcoin was worth approximately US$1,000, which means that ReVOLVeR’s friend had lost over US$70 million.
ReVOLVeR discovered that the infected phone was communicating with a C&C server, myredskins.net, which they went on to compromise. On this server, they discovered leaked FTP credentials for the BBC’s website. The credentials may have been stolen from an SMS sent to a mobile phone owned by a BBC staff member infected with iBanking. Alternatively, they may have been taken from a third party who had been given access to the server.
ReVOLVeR then used these credentials to log into the BBC server, root the account and begin cracking additional credentials. He posted about his progress on Twitter, updating his followers with screenshots and dumps on SendSpace.
Once finished with the BBC, ReVOLVeR then turned his attention to iBanking and attempted to sell the malware as his own on an underground forum. He did little to cover up the origin of the malware, simply reusing the post GFF had originally used to advertise iBanking on a different forum. Not surprisingly, ReVOLVeR was promptly banned from the forum.
Not long after this, in February, another hacker who uses the handle Rome0 posted the source code to iBanking on a carding forum along with a simple script which could re-configure the iBanking application. Instead of charging for the malware, this version was made available for free. It is unclear whether Rome0 acquired the source code from ReVOLVeR or simply read about his attack on the C&C server and imitated it, but the two incidents appear to be linked.
The release of the source code coincided with a significant uptick in iBanking activity. Despite the availability of a free version, our research suggests that most of the large cybercrime actors are continuing to opt for the paid-for version. They appear to be willing to pay a premium for the updates and support provided by GFF.
The gangs using iBanking
One of the most active iBanking users is the Neverquest crew, a prolific cybercrime group that has infected thousands of victims with a customized version of Trojan.Snifula. This financial Trojan can perform Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks against a range of international banks. The Neverquest crew utilizes iBanking to augment its Snifula attacks, capturing one-time passwords sent to mobile devices for out-of-band authentication and transaction verification. Control numbers (the mobile numbers that the bots can receive instructions from) indicate that the Neverquest crew is likely operating out of Eastern Europe.
Another threat actor utilizing iBanking is Zerafik, who also appears to operate from Eastern Europe. Zerafik operated a command-and-control (C&C) server located in the Netherlands which was subsequently hacked, with details posted publicly on ProtectYourNet. The leak revealed that iBanking installations controlled by this C&C server were configured to target customers of Dutch bank ING, with the app disguised to look like an official app from the company. The iBanking campaigns uncovered by this breach involved multiple segregated botnets that could be controlled through a single panel, allowing for the attacker to control multiple campaigns from a single user interface.
One of the first users of iBanking was an actor known as Ctouma, who has a history of involvement with scam websites and trading in stolen credit card data. Their email address (Ctouma2@googlemail.com) had been used to set up a service which sells stolen credit card information.
Ctouma employed one of the earliest versions of the malware, which wasn’t even for sale at the time. It was disguised as a mobile application for a Thai bank. While Thailand itself is not typically associated with financial fraud attacks, it is possible that these attacks may have served as a test bed for early versions of the malware, in order to test its effectiveness.
Protection
Symantec detects this threat as Android.iBanking.
Since iBanking victims are usually tricked into installing the app by a desktop financial Trojan, keeping your desktop antivirus software up to date will help avoid infection.
You should be wary of any SMS messages which contain links to download APKs (Android application package files), especially from non-reputable sources. IT administrators should consider blocking all messages which contain a link to install an APK.
Some iBanking APKs have been seeded onto trusted marketplaces and users should be aware of this as a potential avenue of infection
Users should be aware of sharing sensitive data through SMS, or at least be aware that malicious programs are sniffing this data.
The FBI, Europol and several other law enforcement agencies have arrested dozens of individuals suspected of cybercriminal activity centered around the malware known as Blackshades (a.k.a. W32.Shadesrat). Symantec worked closely with the FBI in this coordinated takedown effort, sharing information that allowed the agency to track down those suspected of involvement. As a result of this operation, the website selling Blackshades has been taken down and we expect a significant reduction in activity involving this malware.
Blackshades is a popular and powerful remote access Trojan (RAT) that is used by a wide spectrum of threat actors, from entry level hackers right up to sophisticated cybercriminal groups. Blackshades was sold on a dedicated website, bshades.eu for US$40-$50. Competitively priced, with a rich feature list, Blackshades provides the attacker with complete control over an infected machine. A simple point and click interface allows them to steal data, browse the file system, take screenshots, record video, and interact with instant messaging applications and social networks.

Figure 1. The Blackshades command-and-control panel
The arrests come just days after the FBI announced that it would take a more aggressive stance against cybercriminals who target American citizens, promising imminent searches, arrests and indictments.

Figure 2. Computers infected with Blackshades (2013 – 2014)

Figure 3. Top 10 countries affected by Blackshades activity (2013 – 2014)
As part of the sting operation, the source of this RAT – bshades.eu – has been taken offline. This will seriously affect the sale and distribution of Blackshades. Symantec expects there to be a significant decrease in activity for Blackshades in 2014. Although cracked builders and the source code for Blackshades remains online on various forums, we expect cybercriminals will begin to adopt other Trojans.
This was not the first law enforcement action taken against Blackshades. In 2012, the FBI arrested Michael Hogue (a.k.a. xVisceral) on suspicion of involvement in the Blackshades project along with over 20 other individuals. However, the malware remained on sale and Blackshades continued to see increased activity in 2013.
Organized cybercriminal groups have netted millions of euro in well-organized attacks, transferring large sums of money using Blackshades infected computers. In a recent operation dubbed Francophone, Blackshades was used as part of a sophisticated social engineering scheme to target French companies in financially motivated attacks. Total financial losses involving Blackshades activity would be hard to accurately gauge, however individual cases indicate they are significant. Blackshades was also observed in politically motivated attacks during The Arab Spring. Political activists were targeted in Libya and Syria during the uprisings with one variant Blackshades (W32.Shadesrat.C).
Symantec welcomes the action taken by the FBI and remains committed to working with law enforcement and private industry partners in the effort to tackle these increasingly sophisticated cybercriminal operations.
Protection
Symantec protects users against Blackshades under the following detection names.
Antivirus detections
Intrusion Prevention Signatures
If you believe you may be infected with Blackshades and are not a Symantec customer, you can use our free tool Norton Power Eraser to remove it from your system.
FBI, 유러폴(Europol)을 포함한 여러 치안 당국이 Blackshades(일명 W32.Shadesrat)라는 크리프웨어(Creepware)를 이용하여 사이버 범죄를 저지른 혐의로 수십 명을 체포했습니다. 시만텍은 이번 공동 작전에서 FBI와 긴밀하게 협조하며 정보를 공유함으로써 FBI가 혐의자를 추적하는 데 기여했습니다. 이번 작전의 성과로 Blackshades를 판매하던 웹 사이트가 폐쇄되었으며 이 악성 코드와 관련된 범죄 활동이 크게 줄어들 것으로 기대됩니다.
Blackshades는 매우 효과적인 원격 액세스 트로이 목마(remote access Trojan, RAT)로, 초보 해커부터 전문적인 사이버 범죄 조직까지 광범위한 계층에서 애용되어 왔습니다. Blackshades는 bshades.eu라는 전문 웹 사이트에서 40 ~ 50달러의 부담 없는 가격에 판매되었습니다. 공격자는 Blackshades의 다양한 기능을 활용하여 감염된 시스템을 완전히 제어할 수 있습니다. 간단한 포인트 앤 클릭 방식의 인터페이스를 통해 데이터 유출, 파일 시스템 탐색, 스크린샷 생성, 동영상 녹화뿐 아니라 인스턴트 메시징 애플리케이션 및 소셜 네트워크와의 상호 작용도 가능합니다.

그림 1. Blackshades의 명령 및 제어 패널
이번 검거는 FBI가 미국 시민을 노리는 사이버 범죄자에 대해 더 강경하게 대처할 것임을 밝히면서 수색, 체포, 기소가 임박했음을 예고한지 며칠 만에 이루어졌습니다.

그림 2. Blackshades에 감염된 시스템(2013 – 2014)

그림 3. Blackshades 공격 최다 발생 상위 10개국(2013 – 2014)
이번 작전으로 이 RAT의 본거지였던 bshades.eu는 폐쇄되었습니다. 이는 Blackshades의 판매와 보급에 큰 타격을 줄 것입니다. 시만텍은 2014년에 Blackshades 활동이 크게 감소할 것으로 예상합니다. Blackshades의 크랙 빌더와 소스 코드가 아직 여러 온라인 포럼에서 배포되고 있으나 사이버 범죄자들은 이제 다른 트로이 목마를 선택할 것으로 보입니다.
Blackshades의 단속에 나선 것은 이번이 처음은 아닙니다. 2012년에 FBI는 Blackshades 프로젝트에 연루된 혐의로 Michael Hogue(일명 xVisceral)를 포함하여 20여 명을 체포한 바 있습니다. 그럼에도 이 악성 코드의 판매는 계속되었고 Blackshades 활동은 2013년에 더욱 기승을 부렸습니다.
조직화된 사이버 범죄 집단들이 체계적인 공격을 통해 Blackshades에 감염된 시스템을 통해 막대한 자금을 이체하는 방법으로 수백만 유로의 순수입을 거두었습니다. Francophone이라는 별칭으로 알려진 최근 공격에서는 금전적인 동기로 프랑스 기업들을 표적으로 삼은 고도의 지능적인 사회 공학적 수법에 Blackshades가 사용되었습니다. Blackshades 공격으로 인한 경제적 손실의 총 규모를 정확하게 파악하기는 어렵지만, 개별 사례로 미루어볼 때 그 피해가 막대함을 알 수 있습니다. Blackshades는 아랍의 봄에서 정치적 동기를 지닌 공격에서도 이용된 바 있습니다. 리비아와 시리아에 봉기가 일어났던 시기에 정치 운동가들이 Blackshades 변종(W32.Shadesrat.C)의 공격을 받았습니다.
시만텍은 FBI의 이번 조치를 환영하며 앞으로도 더욱 지능화되는 사이버 범죄 활동의 퇴치를 위해 치안 기관 및 민간 업체 파트너와 협력하여 최선을 다할 것입니다.
보호
시만텍은 아래와 같이 Blackshades로부터 사용자를 보호합니다.
안티바이러스 탐지
침입 차단 시그니처
시만텍 고객이 아니더라도 Blackshades라는 크리프웨어에 감염된 것으로 의심될 경우 무료 툴인 Norton Power Eraser를 사용하여 시스템에서 이 크리프웨어를 제거할 수 있습니다.
シマンテックは 2012 年、さまざまな業種に対するスピア型フィッシングや水飲み場型攻撃に利用された Elderwood プラットフォームについて調査しました。Elderwood プラットフォームは基本的に一連の悪用コードから構成されており、それらが「ユーザーフレンドリーな」形で作成されパッケージ化されているため、技術力の高くない攻撃者でも、標的に対して簡単にゼロデイ悪用コードを使うことができます。
軍需産業、軍事関係のサプライチェーン、製造業、IT、人権問題など幅広い分野に対して、Elderwood プラットフォームを使った攻撃が確認されています。特に注目すべきなのは、「Operation Aurora」として知られる攻撃活動で一連の悪用コードが使われたことです。
Elderwood プラットフォームが初めて確認されたのは 2012 年のことですが、それ以来、最新のゼロデイ悪用コードをいくつも取り入れながら更新が続けられています。2014 年に入ってから最初の 1 カ月だけでも、Elderwood プラットフォームは 3 件のゼロデイ脆弱性の悪用に利用されており、このプラットフォームが依然として手ごわい脅威であることが証明されました。
当初の調査では、Elderwood プラットフォームは単一の攻撃グループによって使われていると思われていましたが、最新の調査結果を踏まえると、複数のグループによって利用されていると考えられます。1 つの供給元がプラットフォームの販売に関与しているか、あるいは大きな 1 つの組織が、その内部の攻撃チームのために一連の悪用コードを開発しているかのいずれかであるという証拠もあります。どちらにしても、今なお活動している最大規模の攻撃グループが、これほど早くゼロデイ悪用コードを利用できる理由を解明する手掛かりになりそうです。
Elderwood を作成したのは誰か
Elderwood プラットフォームのゼロデイ悪用コードを利用している攻撃者の構成については、いくつかの仮説が立てられていますが、シマンテックの調査ではさらに 2 つのシナリオも想定しています。

図 1. 複数のサブグループを束ねる上位グループを通じてゼロデイ悪用コードが配布される

図 2. 共通する 1 つの供給元から複数のグループにゼロデイ悪用コードが配布される
シマンテックがつかんだ証拠(後述)から、何者かが 1 つの仲介組織に、または複数のグループに直接、Internet Explorer や Adobe Flash のさまざまなゼロデイ悪用コードを供給している可能性が高いと考えられます。これだけでも、攻撃者が確保しているリソースのレベルの大きさがうかがえます。
悪用コードがサードパーティの供給元を通じて販売されている場合、購入するグループはそれを支払えるだけの潤沢な財源を持っていることになります。悪用コードが組織の内部で開発されている場合、グループは技術力の高い個人を何人も雇っていることになります。こうした技術者は、相当額の報酬を受け取っているか、あるいは何か別の理由があって自分自身では公開市場で悪用コードを販売できないかのいずれかです。
Elderwood による顕著な悪用例
2012 年には、Internet Explorer と Adobe Flash に対する複数の悪用コードが Elderwood プラットフォームによって利用されました。以下の脆弱性を含め、数多くの脆弱性が悪用されています。
最近も、以下の脆弱性に対する新しいゼロデイ悪用コードが利用されていることを確認していますが、その多くは以前に利用された悪用コードと類似しています。
Elderwood プラットフォームで利用されている悪用コードはこれらに限りませんが、後述するように、これこそ Elderwood 攻撃活動間のつながりを示す証拠なのです。それでは、過去数年間にわたって Elderwood プラットフォームを使ってきた代表的な攻撃グループについて見てみましょう。
Elderwood プラットフォームを使ってきたのは誰か
最近確認された、Elderwood プラットフォームを使う目立った攻撃活動を時系列に並べてみます。

図 3. 最近ゼロデイ脆弱性の悪用が確認された活動の時系列
以下の攻撃グループの多くは、Elderwood プラットフォームだけを使っているわけではありませんが、この数年間の主な活動では一貫して Elderwood を使っていることが確認されています。Elderwood プラットフォームで利用されていることが判明している脆弱性を悪用しているだけでなく、「Microsoft Internet Explorer の ‘CDwnBindInfo’ に存在する解放後使用のリモートコード実行の脆弱性」(CVE-2012-4792)や 「Microsoft Internet Explorer に存在するリモートコード実行の脆弱性」(CVE-2014-1776)など、その他の欠陥も悪用しています。
| 攻撃グループ | 標的 | 関連する攻撃活動 | 悪用されている脆弱性 | 使われているマルウェア |
| Hidden Lynx | 軍需産業 | Operation Snowman | CVE-2014-0322(Internet Explorer) | Backdoor.ZXshell |
| Vidgrab |
日本のユーザー ウイグルの反体制派 |
CVE-2014-0322(Internet Explorer) CVE-2014-0502(Adobe Flash) |
||
| Linfo/Icefog | 製造業 | Icefog |
CVE-2012-0779(Adobe Flash) CVE-2014-0324(Internet Explorer) |
|
| Sakurel | 航空エンジンメーカー |
CVE-2014-0322(Internet Explorer) CVE-2012-4792(Internet Explorer) CVE-2014-0502(Adobe Flash) CVE-2014-1776(Internet Explorer) |
Trojan.Sakurel |
表 1. Elderwood プラットフォームを使っている攻撃グループ
Elderwood との関連性
攻撃グループがその活動を通じてこれらの脆弱性を悪用していたことに加え、悪用コードのインフラにも関連性があるようです。
最近確認された Internet Explorer の脆弱性、CVE-2014-0322 と CVE-2014-0324 に対する 2 つのゼロデイ悪用コードは多くの機能を共有しており、シェルコードもそのひとつです。どちらも、イメージから取得したマルウェアを復号し、%Temp% フォルダ内の .txt 拡張子のファイルに復号後のマルウェアを書き込むことができます。
そのほか、CVE-2014-0502 と CVE-2014-0322 に対する悪用コードは、同じサイトをホストとして利用していました。さらに、CVE-2014-0324 に対する悪用コードが Backdoor.Linfo の投下に使われていたことを示唆する痕跡もあります。同じマルウェアは、2012 年に CVE-2012-0779 に対する悪用コードによって投下されていました。
これらの攻撃グループが Elderwood プラットフォームを利用している状況の全体像を以下の図に示します。

図 4. 過去と現在におけるゼロデイ悪用コードの相関図
結論
ゼロデイ悪用コードの使用と、中心的な 1 つのグループまたは組織との関係を断定することはできません。ひとたび攻撃に利用されたゼロデイ悪用コードは、リバースエンジニアリングもコピーも、他の攻撃への転用も可能だからです。Elderwood プラットフォームは、悪用コードがコンパクトにパッケージ化され、ペイロードと分離されているため、リバースエンジニアリングが特に容易です。Elderwood の悪用コード実装は、攻撃者が使いやすいように、意図的にこのような手法で作成されたものかもしれません。
とは言え、最近確認された攻撃活動では、Internet Explorer や Flash のゼロデイ悪用コードを利用して同じマルウェアファミリーを拡散するという、攻撃グループの共通パターンが繰り返されています。それだけでなく、これらの悪用コードは実装方法にも多くの類似点が見られます。こうした証拠から、悪用コードが単にリバースエンジニアリングされているだけの場合と比べて、はるかに緊密なコミュニケーションが攻撃グループ間で交わされているものと考えられます。
Elderwood を作成しているのがサードパーティの供給元であるにせよ、自前のチームを抱えた大きな組織であるにせよ、Elderwood のゼロデイ悪用コードを利用している各グループは潤沢なリソースと十分な動機を持っています。標的となりうる企業や組織にとって深刻な脅威であることは間違いありません。
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지난 2012년, 시만텍은 Elderwood 플랫폼에 주목한 바 있습니다. 당시 이 플랫폼은 각종 산업 분야를 노리는 스피어피싱 및 워터링홀 공격에 사용되고 있었습니다. Elderwood 플랫폼은 “소비자 친화적”으로 설계되고 패키지화된 다양한 익스플로잇의 모음입니다. 따라서 기술적 배경이 없는 공격자도 편리하게 이 플랫폼을 이용하여 원하는 표적을 대상으로 제로데이 익스플로잇을 구사할 수 있습니다.
시만텍은 국방, 군수품 제조, IT, 인권 운동 등 다양한 분야가 Elderwood 플랫폼 기반 공격의 대상이 되고 있음을 확인했습니다. 특히 Operation Aurora와 같이 이목이 집중된 공격 작전에서 이러한 익스플로잇 모음이 사용된 바 있습니다.
Elderwood 플랫폼은 대략 2012년부터 문서화되기 시작했지만, 그 이후에도 꾸준히 업데이트되면서 최신 제로데이 익스플로잇이 추가되었습니다. Elderwood 플랫폼은 2014년이 시작된 지 채 한 달도 지나지 않아 3건의 제로데이 취약점에 대한 익스플로잇 공격에 사용되면서 건재함을 과시했습니다.
시만텍의 조사에 따르면, 원래 Elderwood 플랫폼은 단일 공격 그룹에서 사용되었습니다. 하지만 최근 조사 결과는 여러 그룹에서 이 플랫폼을 사용하고 있을 가능성을 시사합니다. 증거를 검토한 바로는, 단일 유포자가 플랫폼 판매를 담당하거나 한 주요 조직에서 자체 공격 팀들을 위해 해당 익스플로잇 모음을 개발한 것으로 보입니다. 이 두 시나리오 모두 현재 활동 중인 최대 규모의 공격 집단들이 일찍부터 제로데이 익스플로잇을 사용하게 된 경위를 밝히는 데 중요한 단서가 될 수 있습니다.
누가 Elderwood를 개발했을까?
Elderwood 플랫폼의 제로데이 익스플로잇을 활용하는 공격자의 실체에 대해서는 몇 가지 이론이 있습니다. 시만텍이 분석한 결과, 그중 개연성이 높은 두 가지 시나리오는 아래와 같습니다.

그림 1. 여러 팀으로 구성된 단일 조직 전반에 배포되는 제로데이 익스플로잇

그림 2. 단일 공급자가 여러 그룹에 배포하는 제로데이 익스플로잇
이 블로그에서 자세히 살펴보겠지만, 시만텍이 수집한 증거로 미루어볼 때 누군가 중개 조직을 통해 혹은 여러 집단에 직접적으로 다양한 Internet Explorer 및 Adobe Flash 제로데이 익스플로잇을 공급하는 것으로 보입니다. 이것만으로도 이러한 공격자들의 가용 자원 수준을 가늠해볼 수 있습니다.
또한 외부 배포자로부터 익스플로잇을 구매할 수 있다면 해당 구매 조직은 그러한 비용을 지불할 만한 상당한 자금력을 보유하고 있을 것입니다. 만약 자체적으로 익스플로잇을 개발했다면 해당 조직에 뛰어난 기술력을 갖춘 인력이 있음을 의미합니다. 이들은 이미 넉넉한 보수를 받고 있거나 아니면 다른 동기 요인이 있어 직접 공개 시장에 나서서 익스플로잇을 판매하지 않는 것으로 보입니다.
Elderwood의 대표적인 익스플로잇
2012년에는 Elderwood 플랫폼에 여러 Internet Explorer 및 Adobe Flash 익스플로잇이 포함되었는데, 이들은 아래와 같은 버그를 비롯하여 각종 취약점을 이용했습니다.
최근 시만텍은 이 플랫폼에서 아래와 같은 취약점을 노리는 새로운 제로데이 익스플로잇이 등장했음을 확인했습니다. 그중 상당수는 기존의 익스플로잇과 유사합니다.
이러한 잇스플로잇은 Elderwood 플랫폼에서 사용될 뿐 아니라 여러 Elderwood 캠페인 간의 연관성을 보여주는 단서이기도 합니다. 이에 대해서는 좀더 자세히 설명하겠습니다. 이제 지난 몇 년 동안 등장했던 Elderwood 플랫폼을 사용한 몇몇 주요 공격 집단에 대해 알아보겠습니다.
누가 Elderwood 플랫폼을 사용해 왔는가?
아래 도표는 최근 Elderwood 플랫폼이 사용되었던 유명 사례를 시간순으로 정리한 것입니다.

그림 3. 최근 대표적인 제로데이 익스플로잇 공격의 타임라인
다음 공격 집단 중 상당수는 Elderwood 플랫폼에만 의존하지는 않지만 오랫동안 대부분의 주요 작전에서 광범위하게 이 플랫폼을 활용해 온 것으로 드러났습니다. 공격자들은 Elderwood 플랫폼에서 공략하는 것으로 알려진 취약점과 함께 Microsoft Internet Explorer ‘CDwnBindInfo’ Use-After-Free 원격 코드 실행 취약점(CVE-2012-4792), Microsoft Internet Explorer 원격 코드 실행 취약점(CVE-2014-1776)과 같은 허점도 이용했습니다.
| 공격 집단 | 대상 | 관련 작전명 |
익스플로잇의 표적이 된 취약점 |
사용된 악성 코드 |
| Hidden Lynx | 방위 산업체 |
Operation Snowman | CVE-2014-0322 (Internet Explorer) | Backdoor.ZXshell |
| Vidgrab |
일본의 위구르 |
CVE-2014-0322 (Internet Explorer) CVE-2014-0502 (Adobe Flash) |
||
| Linfo/Icefog | 제조업체 | Icefog |
CVE-2012-0779 (Adobe Flash) CVE-2014-0324 (Internet Explorer) |
|
| Sakurel | 항공 엔진 제조업체 |
CVE-2014-0322 (Internet Explorer) CVE-2012-4792 (Internet Explorer) CVE-2014-0502 (Adobe Flash) CVE-2014-1776 (Internet Explorer) |
Trojan.Sakurel |
표 1. Elderwood 플랫폼을 사용하는 공격 집단
Elderwood의 연결성
위와 같은 공격 집단의 작전에 Elderwood가 사용될 뿐 아니라 해당 익스플로잇 인프라스트럭처도 서로 연결되어 있는 것으로 보입니다.
최근 Internet Explorer의 CVE-2014-0322 및 CVE-2014-0324 취약점을 노렸던 두 익스플로잇 공격은 동일한 셸 코드를 비롯하여 많은 공통점을 가지고 있습니다. 또한 둘 다 이미지에서 가져온 악성 코드를 해독한 다음 해독한 악성 코드를 %Temp% 폴더 경로에 “.txt” 확장자 파일 형태로 기록할 수 있습니다.
뿐만 아니라 CVE-2014-0502 및 CVE-2014-0322 취약점에 대한 익스플로잇 모두 동일한 사이트에서 호스팅되었습니다. 그리고 CVE-2014-0324 익스플로잇이 Backdoor.Linfo 유포에 사용된 징후가 있습니다. 이 악성 코드는 2012년에도 CVE-2012-0779 익스플로잇을 통해 유포된 적이 있습니다.
아래 이미지는 이러한 공격 집단의 Elderwood 플랫폼 사용 연관성을 종합적으로 정리한 것입니다.

그림 4. 최근 및 과거 제로데이 익스플로잇에서 나타난 몇 가지 연관성
결론
제로데이 익스플로잇 사용이 특정 핵심 집단 또는 조직과 연결된다고 단정짓기는 어렵습니다. 제로데이 익스플로잇이 공격에 사용되었다면 이를 리버스 엔지니어링하고 복사하여 다른 공격에 재활용하는 것이 가능합니다. 특히 Elderwood 플랫폼은 익스플로잇이 깔끔하게 패키지화되고 페이로드와 분리되어 있기 때문에 손쉽게 리버스 엔지니어링할 수 있습니다. Elderwood 익스플로잇은 고객의 사용 편의성을 높이기 위해 의도적으로 그와 같이 구현되었을 가능성이 있습니다.
하지만 관찰된 공격 작전에서 확인된 것처럼, 공격 집단들이 Internet Explorer 및 Flash 제로데이 익스플로잇을 구사하면서 동일한 악성 코드군을 배포하는 패턴이 반복적으로 나타납니다. 그뿐 아니라 이러한 익스플로잇은 구현 측면에서도 유사한 점이 많습니다. 증거에 따르면, 공격 집단들 간에 단순한 익스플로잇 리버스 엔지니어링에 국한되지 않은 보다 적극적인 수준의 교감이 이루어지는 것으로 보입니다.
Elderwood 개발자가 제3의 공급자이든지 자체 팀을 운영하는 대형 조직이든지 상관없이 ‘Elderwood’의 제로데이 익스플로잇을 이용하는 여러 집단은 확실한 자원과 동기를 보유하고 있습니다. 이들은 잠재적 표적에게 심각한 위협이 됩니다.
시만텍은 안티바이러스, IPS, 행동 및 평판 기술을 활용하여 이 블로그에 언급된 다양한 악성 코드군으로부터 고객을 보호하고 있습니다.
Back in 2012, Symantec researched the Elderwood platform, which was used in spear-phishing and watering-hole attacks against a wide variety of industries. The Elderwood platform essentially consists of a set of exploits that have been engineered and packaged in a “consumer-friendly” way. This allows non-technical attackers to easily use zero-day exploits against their targets.
We observed attackers using the Elderwood platform against a large number of sectors, including defense, defense supply chain manufacturing, IT, and human rights. Most notably, attackers used this set of exploits in a high-profile campaign known as Operation Aurora.
The Elderwood platform may have first been documented in 2012, but it has continuously been updated with some of the latest zero-day exploits. Within just one month at the start of 2014, the Elderwood platform was used to exploit three zero-day vulnerabilities, proving that this exploit set is still a formidable threat.
Initially, our research suggested that the Elderwood platform was being used by a single attack group. Our latest research leads us to believe that several groups could be using this platform. The evidence suggests that either one distributor is responsible for selling the platform or one major organization developed the exploit set for its in-house attack teams. Either scenario could shed light on how some of the biggest attack groups in action today get such early access to zero-day exploits.
Who could have created Elderwood?
There are several theories which may describe the makeup of the attackers utilizing the Elderwood platform’s zero-day exploits. Our research suggests that there are two more probable scenarios.

Figure 1. Zero-day exploits distributed throughout an organization consisting of multiple teams

Figure 2. Zero-day exploits distributed to different groups but by a common supplier
Based on our evidence, which we will discuss in this blog, it seems likely that someone is supplying various Internet Explorer and Adobe Flash zero-day exploits to an intermediate organization or directly to the various groups. This alone is a sign of the level of resources available to these attackers.
If the exploits are being purchased from a third party distributor, the purchasing organization must have substantial financial resources to pay for the exploits. If the exploits are developed in-house, this would indicate that the organization has hired several highly technical individuals to do so. These employees are either being well compensated for their work or have some other motivating factor that prevents them from selling exploits on the open market themselves.
Elderwood’s notable exploits
In 2012, several Internet Explorer and Adobe Flash exploits were part of the Elderwood platform, which took advantage of a number of vulnerabilities, including the following bugs.
Recently, we have seen the platform use new zero-day exploits against the following vulnerabilities, many of which are similar to the previously used exploits.
These exploits are not the only ones used in the platform, but as we will discuss, they show a connection between Elderwood campaigns. Let’s take a look at some of the major attack groups who have used the Elderwood platform over the past few years.
Who has been using the Elderwood platform?
The following is a timeline of the most recent high-profile use of the Elderwood platform.

Figure 3. Timeline of known activities of recent zero-day exploits
While many of the following attack groups do not use the Elderwood platform exclusively, they have been observed using it throughout many of their major campaigns over a number of years. Along with taking advantage of vulnerabilities that are known to be covered in the Elderwood platform, the attackers also exploited other flaws, such as the Microsoft Internet Explorer ‘CDwnBindInfo’ Use-After-Free Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (CVE-2012-4792) and the Microsoft Internet Explorer Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (CVE-2014-1776).
| Attack group | Targets | Associated operation names | Exploited vulnerabilities | Malware used |
| Hidden Lynx | Defense industry | Operation Snowman | CVE-2014-0322 (Internet Explorer) | Backdoor.ZXshell |
| Vidgrab |
Japanese users Uyghur dissidents |
CVE-2014-0322 (Internet Explorer) CVE-2014-0502 (Adobe Flash) |
||
| Linfo/Icefog | Manufacturing firms | Icefog |
CVE-2012-0779 (Adobe Flash) CVE-2014-0324 (Internet Explorer) |
|
| Sakurel | Aerospace engine manufacturers |
CVE-2014-0322 (Internet Explorer) CVE-2012-4792 (Internet Explorer) CVE-2014-0502 (Adobe Flash) CVE-2014-1776 (Internet Explorer) |
Trojan.Sakurel |
Table 1. The attack groups using the Elderwood platform
The Elderwood connection
Along with the attack groups’ use of these exploits through their campaigns, the exploits’ infrastructure also appear to be linked.
The two recent Internet Explorer zero-day exploits for CVE-2014-0322 and CVE-2014-0324 share a number of features, including common shellcode. They both can also decrypt malware retrieved from images and write the decrypted malware to a file with a “.txt” extension in the %Temp% folder.
Along with this, exploits for both CVE-2014-0502 and CVE-2014-0322 were hosted on the same site. Finally, there are indications that suggest that a CVE-2014-0324 exploit was used to drop Backdoor.Linfo. The same malware was dropped in 2012 with the CVE-2012-0779 exploit.
The following image gives an overall look at how these attack groups’ use of the Elderwood platform are connected.

Figure 4. Some of the connections between recent and previous zero-day exploits
Conclusion
It’s difficult to definitively link the use of zero-day exploits back to one central group or organization. Once a zero-day exploit has been deployed in an attack, it can be reverse-engineered, copied and re-purposed for other attackers to use. The Elderwood platform is particularly easy to reverse-engineer, as its exploits are neatly packaged and separated from the payload. Elderwood’s exploit implementations may have been purposely created in this manner to make it easier for its customers to use.
However, in these observed attack campaigns, there is a repeating pattern of attack groups using Internet Explorer and Flash zero-day exploits to deliver the same malware families. Not only that, but these exploits share many similarities in their implementation. This evidence indicates that there is a greater level of communication between attack groups than if the exploits were simply being reverse-engineered.
Whether Elderwood’s creator is a third-party supplier or a major organization equipping its own teams, the various groups using ‘Elderwood’ zero-day exploits are well resourced and motivated. They present a serious threat to potential targets.
Symantec protects customers from the various malware families listed in this blog through our antivirus, IPS, behavioral and reputation technologies.
今月のマイクロソフトパッチリリースブログをお届けします。今月は、13 件の脆弱性を対象として 8 つのセキュリティ情報がリリースされています。このうち 3 件が「緊急」レベルです。
いつものことですが、ベストプラクティスとして以下のセキュリティ対策を講じることを推奨します。
マイクロソフトの 5 月のリリースに関する概要は、次のページで公開されています。
http://technet.microsoft.com/ja-jp/security/bulletin/ms14-may
今月のパッチで対処されている問題の一部について、詳しい情報を以下に示します。
MS14-022 Microsoft SharePoint Server の脆弱性により、リモートでコードが実行される(2952166)
SharePoint ページコンテンツの脆弱性(CVE-2014-0251)MS の深刻度: 重要
Microsoft SharePoint Server に複数のリモートコード実行の脆弱性が存在します。認証された攻撃者が、関連するこれらの脆弱性のいずれかの悪用に成功すると、W3WP サービスアカウントのセキュリティコンテキストで任意のコードを実行できる場合があります。
SharePoint XSS の脆弱性(CVE-2014-1754)MS の深刻度: 緊急
Microsoft SharePoint Server に特権昇格の脆弱性が存在します。攻撃者がこの脆弱性の悪用に成功すると、クロスサイトスクリプティング攻撃を実行し、ログオンユーザーのセキュリティコンテキストでスクリプトを実行できる場合があります。
Web Applications ページコンテンツの脆弱性(CVE-2014-1813)MS の深刻度: 重要
Microsoft Web Applications にリモートコード実行の脆弱性が存在します。認証された攻撃者がこの脆弱性の悪用に成功すると、W3WP サービスアカウントのセキュリティコンテキストで任意のコードを実行できる場合があります。
MS14-023 Microsoft Office の脆弱性により、リモートでコードが実行される(2961037)
Microsoft Office の中国語文章校正の脆弱性(CVE-2014-1756)MS の深刻度: 重要
影響を受ける Microsoft Office ソフトウェアがダイナミックリンクライブラリ(.dll)ファイルのロードを処理する方法に、リモートコード実行の脆弱性が存在します。攻撃者がこの脆弱性の悪用に成功すると、影響を受けるシステムを完全に制御できる恐れがあります。攻撃者はその後、プログラムのインストール、データの表示、変更、削除、完全なユーザー権限を持つ新しいアカウントの作成ができる場合があります。システムでのユーザー権限が低い設定のアカウントを持つユーザーは、管理者のユーザー権限で実行しているユーザーよりもこの脆弱性による影響が少ないと考えられます。
トークン再使用の脆弱性(CVE-2014-1808)MS の深刻度: 重要
悪質な Web サイト上にホストされている Office ファイルを開こうとしているとき、影響を受ける Microsoft Office ソフトウェアが特別に細工された応答を適切に処理できない場合に、情報漏えいの脆弱性が存在します。攻撃者がこの脆弱性の悪用に成功すると、標的となる Microsoft オンラインサービスで現在のユーザーの認証に使うアクセストークンを確認できる場合があります。
MS14-024 Microsoft コモンコントロールの脆弱性により、セキュリティ機能が回避される(2961033)
MSCOMCTL ASLR の脆弱性(CVE-2014-1809)MS の深刻度: 重要
Microsoft Office ソフトウェアによって使用される MSCOMCTL コモンコントロールライブラリが ASLR(Address Space Layout Randomization)を適切に実装していないため、セキュリティ機能回避の脆弱性が存在します。この脆弱性により、攻撃者は広い範囲の脆弱性からユーザーを保護している ASLR セキュリティ機能を回避できるようになります。このセキュリティ機能の回避そのものによって任意のコードが実行されることはありませんが、攻撃者はこの ASLR 回避の脆弱性を、リモートでコード実行の脆弱性など別の脆弱性と組み合わせて使用し、ASLR 回避を利用することで、任意のコードを実行する可能性があります。
MS14-025 グループポリシー基本設定の脆弱性により、特権が昇格される(2962486)
グループポリシー基本設定のパスワードの特権昇格の脆弱性(CVE-2014-1812)MS の深刻度: 重要
Active Directory がグループポリシー基本設定を使って構成されているパスワードを配布する方法に、特権昇格の脆弱性が存在します。認証された攻撃者がこの脆弱性の悪用に成功すると、パスワードを解読して利用し、ドメイン上で特権を昇格できる可能性があります。
MS14-026 .NET Framework の脆弱性により、特権が昇格される(2958732)
TypeFilterLevel の脆弱性(CVE-2014-1806)MS の深刻度: 重要
.NET Framework が不正な形式の一部のオブジェクトに対して TypeFilterLevel チェックを処理する方法に、特権昇格の脆弱性が存在します。
MS14-027 Windows シェルハンドラの脆弱性により、特権が昇格される(2962488)
Windows シェルのファイル関連付けの脆弱性(CVE-2014-1807)MS の深刻度: 重要
Windows シェルがファイルの関連付けを正しく処理しない場合に、特権昇格の脆弱性が存在します。攻撃者がこの脆弱性の悪用に成功すると、Local System アカウントのコンテキストで任意のコードを実行できる場合があります。攻撃者はその後、プログラムのインストール、データの表示、変更、削除、完全な管理者権限を持つ新しいアカウントの作成ができる場合があります。
MS14-028 iSCSI の脆弱性により、サービス拒否が起こる(2962485)
iSCSI ターゲットのリモートサービス拒否の脆弱性(CVE-2014-0255)MS の深刻度: 重要
影響を受けるオペレーティングシステムが iSCSI パケットを処理する方法に、サービス拒否の脆弱性が存在します。攻撃者がこの脆弱性の悪用に成功すると、影響を受けるサービスが応答を停止する可能性があります。
iSCSI ターゲットのリモートサービス拒否の脆弱性(CVE-2014-0256)MS の深刻度: 重要
影響を受けるオペレーティングシステムが iSCSI 接続を処理する方法に、サービス拒否の脆弱性が存在します。攻撃者がこの脆弱性の悪用に成功すると、影響を受けるサービスが応答を停止する可能性があります。
MS14-029 Internet Explorer 用のセキュリティ更新プログラム(2962482)
Internet Explorer のメモリ破損の脆弱性(CVE-2014-0310)MS の深刻度: 緊急
Internet Explorer のメモリ内のオブジェクトへのアクセスが不適切な場合に、リモートコード実行の脆弱性が存在します。この脆弱性によってメモリが破損し、攻撃者が現在のユーザーのコンテキストで任意のコードを実行できる場合があります。
Internet Explorer のメモリ破損の脆弱性(CVE-2014-1815)MS の深刻度: 緊急
Internet Explorer のメモリ内のオブジェクトへのアクセスが不適切な場合に、リモートコード実行の脆弱性が存在します。この脆弱性によってメモリが破損し、攻撃者が現在のユーザーのコンテキストで任意のコードを実行できる場合があります。
今月対処されている脆弱性についての詳しい情報は、シマンテックが無償で公開している SecurityFocus ポータルでご覧いただくことができ、製品をご利用のお客様は DeepSight Threat Management System を通じても情報を入手できます。
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Hello, welcome to this month’s blog on the Microsoft patch release. This month the vendor is releasing eight bulletins covering a total of 13 vulnerabilities. Three of this month’s issues are rated ’Critical’.
As always, customers are advised to follow these security best practices:
Microsoft’s summary of the May releases can be found here:
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/bulletin/ms14-may
The following is a breakdown of the issues being addressed this month:
MS14-022 Vulnerabilities in Microsoft SharePoint Server Could Allow Remote Code Execution (2952166)
SharePoint Page Content Vulnerabilities (CVE-2014-0251) MS Rating: Important
Multiple remote code execution vulnerabilities exist in Microsoft SharePoint Server. An authenticated attacker who successfully exploited any of these related vulnerabilities could run arbitrary code in the security context of the W3WP service account.
SharePoint XSS Vulnerability (CVE-2014-1754) MS Rating: Critical
An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists in Microsoft SharePoint Server. An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could allow an attacker to perform cross-site scripting attacks and run script in the security context of the logged-on user.
Web Applications Page Content Vulnerability (CVE-2014-1813) MS Rating: Important
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in Microsoft Web Applications. An authenticated attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could run arbitrary code in the security context of the W3WP service account.
MS14-023 Vulnerability in Microsoft Office Could Allow Remote Code Execution (2961037)
Microsoft Office Chinese Grammar Checking Vulnerability (CVE-2014-1756) MS Rating: Important
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the affected Microsoft Office software handles the loading of dynamic-link library (.dll) files. An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could take complete control of an affected system. An attacker could then install programs; view, change, or delete data; or create new accounts with full user rights. Users whose accounts are configured to have fewer user rights on the system could be less impacted than users who operate with administrative user rights.
Token Reuse Vulnerability (CVE-2014-1808) MS Rating: Important
An information disclosure vulnerability exists when the affected Microsoft Office software does not properly handle a specially crafted response while attempting to open an Office file hosted on the malicious website. An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could ascertain access tokens used to authenticate the current user on a targeted Microsoft online service.
MS14-024 Vulnerability in a Microsoft Common Control Could Allow Security Feature Bypass (2961033)
MSCOMCTL ASLR Vulnerability (CVE-2014-1809) MS Rating: Important
A security feature bypass vulnerability exists because the MSCOMCTL common controls library used by Microsoft Office software does not properly implement Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR). The vulnerability could allow an attacker to bypass the ASLR security feature, which helps protect users from a broad class of vulnerabilities. The security feature bypass by itself does not allow an arbitrary code execution. However, an attacker could use this ASLR bypass vulnerability in conjunction with another vulnerability, such as a remote code execution vulnerability that could take advantage of the ASLR bypass to run arbitrary code.
MS14-025 Vulnerability in Group Policy Preferences Could Allow Elevation of Privilege (2962486)
Group Policy Preferences Password Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability (CVE-2014-1812) MS Rating: Important
An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists in the way that Active Directory distributes passwords that are configured using Group Policy preferences. An authenticated attacker who successfully exploited the vulnerability could decrypt the passwords and use them to elevate privileges on the domain.
MS14-026 Vulnerability in .NET Framework Could Allow Elevation of Privilege (2958732)
TypeFilterLevel Vulnerability (CVE-2014-1806) MS Rating: Important
An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists in the way that the .NET Framework handles TypeFilterLevel checks for some malformed objects.
MS14-027 Vulnerability in Windows Shell Handler Could Allow Elevation of Privilege (2962488)
Windows Shell File Association Vulnerability (CVE-2014-1807) MS Rating: Important
An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when the Windows Shell improperly handles file associations. An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could run arbitrary code in the context of the Local System account. An attacker could then install programs; view, change, or delete data; or create new accounts with full administrative rights.
MS14-028 Vulnerability in iSCSI Could Allow Denial of Service (2962485)
iSCSI Target Remote Denial of Service Vulnerability (CVE-2014-0255) MS Rating: Important
A denial of service vulnerability exists in the way that affected operating systems handle iSCSI packets. An attacker who successfully exploited the vulnerability could cause the affected service or services to stop responding.
iSCSI Target Remote Denial of Service Vulnerability (CVE-2014-0256) MS Rating: Important
A denial of service vulnerability exists in the way that affected operating systems handle iSCSI connections. An attacker who successfully exploited the vulnerability could cause the affected service or services to stop responding.
MS14-029 Security Security Update for Internet Explorer (2962482)
Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability (CVE-2014-0310) MS Rating: Critical
A remote code execution vulnerability exists when Internet Explorer improperly accesses an object in memory. This vulnerability may corrupt memory in such a way that an attacker could execute arbitrary code in the context of the current user.
Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability (CVE-2014-1815) MS Rating: Critical
A remote code execution vulnerability exists when Internet Explorer improperly accesses an object in memory. This vulnerability may corrupt memory in such a way that an attacker could execute arbitrary code in the context of the current user.
More information on the vulnerabilities being addressed this month is available at Symantec’s free SecurityFocus portal and to our customers through the DeepSight Threat Management System.